In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. government site. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. In the same line, Yu et al. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. While equol production seems to be similar in animals, it is very variable in humans [41], and therefore, beneficial effects referred to equol have been observed only in individuals with a specific microbiota composition [38]. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. Explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 Nobel Prize winners. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. In this line, another meta-analysis, which included 52 controlled trials and 5313 patients, shows that soy isoflavones have beneficial effects on bone mineral density in the femur neck, lumbar spine, and hip, regardless of body weight or ethnicity [49]. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. ); sue.uhe@ollitrop.yupairam (M.P.P. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. An official website of the United States government. Grosso et al. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. This fact suggests that other components, such as fiber in the soy foods, may account for these negative associations. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. This difference could explain the slow effect of isoflavones in alleviating hot flushes. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. Modified from Mace et al. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. and Rossi et al. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. Cheynier V., Sarni-Manchado P., Quideau S., editors. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Moreover, a higher intake of soy isoflavones was associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. May affect males and females differently A 2015 study of 205 people found that the full moon may affect sleep differently in males and females. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. and J.T. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. Nevertheless, it is important to consider this metabolite since it is key in the biological activity of isoflavones [13]. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Zhong et al. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. Daily et al. Collison M.W. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. ); sue.uhe@zednanref.oderfla (A.F.-Q. Zhong X.S., Ge J., Chen S.W., Xiong Y.Q., Ma S.J., Chen Q. Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. . Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. Lastly, Zhang et al. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. Zamora-Ros R., Knaze V., Rothwell J.A., Hmon B., Moskal A., Overvad K., Tjnneland A., Kyr C., Fagherazzi G., Boutron-Ruault M.C., et al. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Rienks et al. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). 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scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants