Alexanders decision-making was supported by his old tutor Pobedonoststev, who continued to provide him with advice during his reign. We can help. We conducted nine more studies with nearly 5,500 participants, mostly . In spite of all his shortcomings, Russia fought no major wars during his reign and thus he was dubbed "The Peacemaker". In October 1888 the Imperial train derailed while the Tsar and his family were eating in the dining car. In order to achieve this goal, he implemented a stringent policy of Russification of national minorities. I was struck by the size of the man, and although cumbersome and heavy, he was still a mighty figure. "[41] In 1885, he commissioned Peter Carl Faberg to produce the first of what were to become a series of jeweled Easter eggs (now called "Faberg eggs") for her as an Easter gift. He also patronized Eastern Orthodoxy and destroyed German, Polish, and Swedish cultural and religious institutions. One cannot fault Alexander's reaction to his father's death. He deprecated undue foreign influence in general and German influence in particular. His first cousin, Queen Olga of Greece, offered him to stay at her villa Mon Repos, on the island of Corfu, in the hope that it might improve the Tsar's condition. Being the second son, it was believed that he had little prospect of succeeding the throne. Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. Indeed, he rather relished the idea of being of the same rough texture as some of his subjects. How could he preside over such a committee?[47] He was worried that Nicholas had no experiences with women and arranged for the Polish ballerina Mathilde Kschessinskaya to become his son's mistress. Serious illness fell upon the robust Alexander entirely unexpectedly. However when his brother Nicolas was in his deathbed, he asked Alexander to marry his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark. "[42] He died in Dagmar's arms, and his daughter Olga noted that "my mother still held him in her arms" long after he died.[43]. To his credit, as a husband and a father he was greatly successful. Alexander III (Russian: III , tr. "[40] When she left his side, he missed her bitterly and complained: "My sweet darling Minny, for five years we've never been apart and Gatchina is empty and sad without you. Alexander III of Russia is best remembered as a man of peace. Alexander became tsesarevich upon Nicholas's sudden death in 1865. The new Emperor believed that remaining true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (the ideology introduced by his grandfather, emperor Nicholas I) would save Russia from revolutionary agitation. Finally, Alexander was hopelessly out of touch with the emerging realities of a modern industrialized Russia. "[39], In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya. In the other provinces he clipped the feeble wings of the zemstvo (an elective local administration resembling the county and parish councils in England) and placed the autonomous administration of the peasant communes under the supervision of landed proprietors appointed by the government. In 1909, a bronze equestrian statue of Alexander III sculpted by Paolo Troubetzkoy was placed in Znamenskaya Square in front of the Moscow Rail Terminal in St. Petersburg. The best doctors of the time were called to help, but none were able to save the dying Emperor. On the day of his assassination, Alexander II signed an ukaz setting up consultative commissions to advise the monarch. Alexander had six children by Dagmar, five of whom survived into adulthood: Nicholas (b. He had no idea that the causes he cared for and the means at which he obtained them would cause the eventual destruction of the way of life and government he cherished so deeply. During the first 20 years of his life, Alexander had no prospect of succeeding to the throne. However, in 1890, the expiration of the treaty coincided with the dismissal of Bismarck by the new German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II (for whom the Tsar had an immense dislike), and the unwillingness of Wilhelm II's government to renew the treaty. Alexander III of Russia is best remembered as a man of peace. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. Biography. He was the embodiment of the fabled Russian bear. He received only the perfunctory training given to grand dukes of that period, which did not go much beyond primary and secondary instruction, acquaintance with French, English, and German, and military drill. After the assassination of Alexander II in 1881, his son became successor and was now Alexander III Emperor of Russia, and was viewed as being more radical than his father had been. 28 October]1866 in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name Maria Feodorovna. Alexander enjoyed a more informal relationship with his youngest son Michael and doted on his youngest daughter, Olga. He had one elder brother, Nicolas. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. Alexander became Emperor of Russia when his father was assassinated 23 March 1801. In 1870, Alexander II supported Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War, which angered the younger Alexander. Alexander had better relationships with his other brothers: Alexei (who he made rear admiral and then a grand admiral of the Russian Navy), Sergei (who he made governor of Moscow) and Paul. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. 1871), Xenia (b. 1 March] 1881 1 November [O.S. Aleksndr II Nikolyevich, IPA: [lksandr ftroj nklajvt]; 29 April 1818 - 13 March 1881) [a] was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. That alliance brought France out of diplomatic isolation, and moved Russia from the German orbit to a coalition with France, one that was strongly supported by French financial assistance to Russia's economic modernisation. He was known for being a conservative leader who went back on many of the liberal acts that his father passes as King. The marriage proved to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood. He wanted to create a nation that was composed of a single nationality, language, and religion, as well as one form of administration. As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later (from 1880) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia. Troubetzkoy envisioned the statue as a caricature, jesting that he wished "to portray an animal atop another animal", and it was quite controversial at the time, with many, including the members of the Imperial Family, opposed to the design, but it was approved because the Empress Dowager unexpectedly liked the monument. Though Alexander was indignant at the conduct of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck towards Russia, he avoided an open rupture with Germanyeven reviving the League of Three Emperors for a period of time and in 1887, signed the Reinsurance Treaty with the Germans. [33], In Central Asian affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking conflict with the United Kingdom (see Panjdeh incident), and he never allowed the bellicose partisans of a forward policy to get out of hand. In disposition, Alexander bore little resemblance to his soft-hearted, liberal father, and still less to his refined, philosophic, sentimental, chivalrous, yet cunning great-uncle Emperor Alexander I. Then he started studying the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev. Alexander was concerned that his heir-apparent, Nicholas, was too gentle and naive to become an effective Emperor. The termination of the Russo-German alliance in 1890 drove Alexander reluctantly into an alliance with France, a country that he strongly disliked as the breeding place of revolutions. George died at 27 of tuberculosis in 1899. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russian, is Former Emperor of All Russia. He is from Russia. On his deathbed, Nicholas allegedly expressed the wish that his fiance, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, should marry Alexander. He had long viewed the reforms of the mid-19th century as too liberal and permissive. 1878) and Olga (b. He married Dagmar of Denmark (1847-1928) 9 November 1866 . "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. Initially, Alexander refused to travel to Copenhagen because he wanted to marry Maria. His teacher instilled in the young man a zeal for Russian Orthodox thought which would influence many of his decisions once he became the emperor. [citation needed], The Russian famine of 189192, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and the ensuing cholera epidemic permitted some liberal activity, as the Russian government could not cope with the crisis and had to allow zemstvos to help with relief (among others, Leo Tolstoy helped with relief efforts on his estate and through the British press,[24] and Chekhov directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages). But what he lacked in style he more than made up for in his conviction of his position, his love for his country, and an understanding of the importance he could play in shaping his country's future. The Bolsheviks murdered Michael six days before Nicholas and his family in July 1918. Alexander was an avid collector of art, and in this matter he was only rivaled by Catherine the Great. On May 11 (April 29, Old Style), 1881, Pobedonostsev published a manifesto, written without the ministers' knowledge, in which the emperor described himself as "chosen to defend" autocratic power. Dagmar was so delighted by the First Hen egg that Alexander gave her an egg every year as an Easter tradition. However, when his elder brother Nicolasthe heir apparentdied at a young age, Alexander became the heir apparent to succeed his father. (Pobedonostsev appears as "Toporov" in Tolstoy's novel Resurrection. He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. He left behind an incomplete legacy, his work unfinished, and an heir unprepared to rule. When she nursed him in his final illness, Alexander told Dagmar, "Even before my death, I have got to known an angel. He was born during the reign of his grandfather Nicholas I. Their first child, Nicholas, was born in 1868 and would be the last Tsar of Russia. (Note: all dates prior to 1918 are in the Old Style Calendar), married 16 November 1916, Colonel Nikolai Kulikovsky (18811958); had two children. Their second child, George, was born in 1871 followed by Xenia (1871), Michael (1878) and Olga (1882). 1 March] 1881 until his death on 1 November [O.S. Alexander is also best known as, Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 1881 to 1894. By the end of his life, they loved each other deeply. Should we ever presume to know God's? Being the second son, it was believed that he had little prospect of succeeding the throne. Who Is Czar Aleksandr III's Wife? Navigate St. Petersburgs dining scene and find restaurants to remember. He encouraged trade and commerce and took steps to revive Russias economy which had suffered a major setback after the Russian-Turkish war of 18771878. One can only imagine the rage he, his wife and children felt as they watched the Tsar bleed and die in a St Petersburg palace. In 1865, Nicolas died suddenly and Alexander became heir apparent (as Tsarevich). The couple spent their wedding night at the Tsarevich's private dacha known as "My Property". Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. 26 February] 1845 1 November [O.S. My dad's Sullivan family ancestors were descendants of the famous Powhatan "princess". Pobedonostsev, who influenced the character of his reign by instilling into his mind hatred for representative government and the belief that zeal for Orthodoxy ought to be cultivated by every tsar. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. Upon succeeding the throne on the death of his father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, he reversed some of the liberal reforms his father had implemented during his reign. ", Etty, John. We can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs. Mikhail Katkov and other journalists supported the emperor in his autocracy. Author of. As he reluctantly entered the carriage, the ponies reared back. Maximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests. Encouraged by its successful assassination of Alexander II, the Narodnaya Volya movement began planning the murder of Alexander III. Alexander's major foreign policy achievement was helping forge the Russo-French Alliance and thus directing a major shift in the international relations of Russian society. Censorship was increased, the autonomy of universities restricted, the role of landowners in rural local self-government (the zemstvo) strengthened, and access to education for the lower classes limited. Because of his love for maintaining peaceful foreign relations, he earned the moniker, "The Peacemaker". Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian pigs". ", Nelipa, M., ALEXANDER III His Life and Reign (2014), Gilbert's Books. Though he lived in the large Gachina Palace, he chose to live in the renovated servants area. [8], Bismarck failed to do what was expected of him by the Russian emperor. Publisher: Alpha History In fact, it turned out that the new Emperor did not share the views of his deceased father and was glad to negate many of the latter's liberal reforms. On March 13 (March 1, Old Style), 1881, Alexander II was assassinated, and the following day autocratic power passed to his son. [62] Soon after, his health began to deteriorate more rapidly. Indeed, during his reign, Russia did not become entangled in any wars and the Tsar strove to maintain peace in Europe, which earned him the moniker of "Peacemaker". It was a look as cold as steel, in which there was something threatening, even frightening, and it struck me like a blow. Copyright 2001-2023 ZAO "SAINT-PETERSBURG.COM". Any liberal proposals in government were quickly dismissed. Early life and education of Alexander III, Ascent to the throne and Russification program, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-III-emperor-of-Russia, RT Russiapedia - Biography of Alexander III, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander III, History Learning Site - Biography of Alexander III, Alexander III - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander III - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He inherited the throne from his father, Alexander II, who was assassinated by an organisation called Narodnaya Volya. [32], Despite chilly relations with Berlin, the Tsar nevertheless confined himself to keeping a large number of troops near the German frontier. Lacking the sophistication and refinement generally associated with men of royal lineage, Alexander III prided himself on being rough and unrefined. [1] Great solicitude was devoted to the education of Nicholas as tsesarevich, whereas Alexander received only the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. While his brother Nicolasthe tsarevich or heir apparentwas groomed to be the future king, Alexander only received the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. In return for the Russian support which had enabled him to create the German Empire,[35] it was thought that he would help Russia to solve the Eastern question in accordance with Russian interests, but to the surprise and indignation of the cabinet of Saint Petersburg he confined himself to acting the part of "honest broker" at the Congress, and shortly afterwards contracted an alliance with Austria-Hungary for the purpose of counteracting Russian designs in Eastern Europe. [31] Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. Alexander III was born in Saint Petersburg on March 10, 1845. When he became heir apparent on the death of his elder brother Nikolay in 1865, he began to study the principles of law and administration under the jurist and political philosopher K.P. He ascended the throne March 14, 1881, the day after the assassination of his father, Alexander II. During the years of his reign Russia was not involved in even a single major war. His only accomplishment being to strengthen his autocratic rule at the expense of the working class and peasantry. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia . Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: , romanized: Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC - 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. At the same time, Russia gradually annexed the territory of Turkmenistan and increased its presence in the Far East, where Japan's active policies were causing the country great concern. Alexanders father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, was assassinated on 1 March 1881 and as a result he ascended to the Russian imperial throne as Alexander III of Russia. Bronze Commemorative Medal for the Russo-Turkish War, Dorpalen, Andreas. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. He worked to strengthen and modernize Russia's armed forces while avoiding armed conflict and improve Russia's standing as a world power. In such policies Alexander III followed the advice of Konstantin Pobedonostsev, who retained control of the Church in Russia through his long tenure as Procurator of the Holy Synod (from 1880 to 1905) and who became tutor to Alexander's son and heir, Nicholas. However, this peace was often done at the expense of the working class and peasantry. However, during a trip to Europe, Nicholas unexpectedly fell ill with meningitis and died in Nice, and Alexander, to his own surprise, became heir to the throne. We can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels. )[citation needed] Other conservative advisors included Count D. A. Tolstoy (minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and I. N. Durnovo (D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). Its roof collapsed, and Alexander held its remains on his shoulders as the children fled outdoors. "[44] He wrote in his diary that he "was crying like a baby"[45] when Dagmar gave birth to their first child, Nicholas. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia remembered hearing Alexander say, To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks. Alexander III was known to be a man of peace when it came to foreign relations with other nations. As the year progressed, his health deteriorated at an alarming rate. As a whole, Alexanders reign cannot be regarded as one of the eventful periods of Russian history, but it is arguable that under his hard, unsympathetic rule the country made some progress. After her conversion to Orthodoxy, she took the name of Marie Fedorovna. At 49 years old, Czar Aleksandr III height is 6' 4" (1.94 m) . Alexander III, however, had no such luxury. . The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/alexander-iii-of-russia-6260.php, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia. To many westerners he appeared crude and not overly intelligent. ", Carolly Erickson, Alexandra: The Last Tsarina, p. 19, Alexander Mikhailovich, Once a Grand Duke, p. 65, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.29, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 459, Miranda Carter, George, Nicholas, and Wilhelm: Three Royal Cousins and the Road to World War I, p. 54, John Curtis Perry, The Flight of the Romanovs, p. 54, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 121, Julia P. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p.128, Kalakaua to his sister, 12 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. After many mistakes and disappointments, the army reached Constantinople and the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, but much that had been obtained by that important document had to be sacrificed at the Congress of Berlin. 1875), Michael (b. The original Welsh Guards Leek Brooch which was . He was much more lenient with his children than most European monarchs, and he told their tutors, "I do not need porcelain, I want normal healthy Russian children.[46] General Cherevin believed that the clever George was "the favourite of both parents". He tore packs of cards in half with his bare hands to entertain his children. He wanted the country to remain true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality, and took drastic steps to prevent revolutionary agitations. At the same time a promise was made to continue Alexander II's reforms. Historians still debate Alexander's role in his father's murder. Most of his 13-year-rule was spent seeking to strengthen autocracy. Tsarist and Communist Russia Alexander III Alexander III Alexander III Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War At this time, the young man already spoke French, German, and English (although he preferred to always speak Russian in society), and he could also play brass instruments - the trumpet and the trombone. He proved himself to be an autocratic ruler who prided himself on being a true Russian patriot. History is blessed with perfect hindsight. Height: in centimeters - N/A: Weight: in kg - N/A: Eye Color: N/A: Hair Color: N/A: Blood Type: N/A: Tattoo(s) N/A: Alexander III of Russia. In Central Asian affairs he followed the traditional policy of gradually extending Russian domination without provoking a conflict with Great Britain, and he never allowed bellicose partisans to get out of hand. In the area of foreign policy, Alexander's efforts resulted in an unprecedented respite of thirteen years of peace. The marriage proved to be a happy one and produced six children of whom five survived to adulthood. Alexander III; Nicholas II. [citation needed] Alexander resented having to take refuge at Gatchina. . Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise. The crown passed to his son, Nicholas, who Alexander had privately expressed was unsuited for leadership. His reign was one of conservative reaction and the repression of revolutionary and reform groups. At the height of the Russian revolution a plan was . During his years as heir apparentfrom 1865 to 1881Alexander let it be known that certain of his ideas did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Date published: March 11, 2019 Polunov, A. Iu. In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid. [2] He was highly reactionary and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. His opinions are utterly childish. The efforts of Prince Alexander and afterwards of Stambolov to destroy Russian influence in the principality roused his indignation, but he vetoed all proposals to intervene by force of arms. In the last years of his reign, Alexander II had been much disturbed by the spread of nihilist conspiracies. 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