Crossref. Once a person completes the short questionnaire, the scoring is straightforward and simple. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. Chron Respir Dis. . Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the symptoms of depression in an individual. Benefits of the Beck Depression Inventory IV. Beck Depression Inventory-II. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. The BDI was first published in 1961 by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist who is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Finally,Vanheule et al. This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. Byrne, Stewart, & Lee (2004) examined the psychometrics of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II with a sample of Hong Kong community adolescents. Background: There have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. (1998) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency. Second, we focused in the analysis of the latent structure of BDI-II, which is just one element of construct validity among several others [62]. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. The funder had no role in the design of the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The present review will only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the validity or the . They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. Introduction. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. 7. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). In particular, Model 1 assumes depression as a unitary construct and, therefore, all BDI-II items were allowed to load into a single factor (Depression) [20]; Model 2 tested a two-factor model represented by cognitive-affective and somatic factors [45]; Model 3 tested the original two-factor model identified by Beck et al. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable. Treatment also involves helping clients evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future that lead to them feel depressed. (2014, January 28). Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The total score (ranging . The BDI-II is widely used and accepted as a measure of depressive symptomatology. Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). The total scale was the only one that presented values greater than .80 ( = .89; corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .62). The majority of psychometric studies conducted with adolescents in the United States have involved predominantly Caucasian samples and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). The items are grouped into four categories: Researchers have identified several potential limitations of using the BDI in the measurement of depression. In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Carmody, D.P. [61], affective symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 381-385. It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. Its construct validity has also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures for depression. Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. (2005). In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82). Eaton WW, Neufeld K, Chen LS, Cai G. A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The BDI-II was piloted on 193 psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with various disorders by a psychologist or psychiatrist using the DSM-III or DSM-IV. 0 I do not feel sad. It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). Or not? PMID: 32962793; PMCID: PMC7681155. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. Thus, future investigation should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability responses in order to ensure a correct interpretation of the scores. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. The BDI is used to measure the severity of depression. The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. Next, internal structure of the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS v20 [46]. (2004). The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). . Yes The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. The authors revised the BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for depression found in the DSM-IV. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). 2017;14(1):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan T, Carter O, Adams C, et al. The mean age was 27.07 (SD = 11.18). The CDI was developed by Kovacs in 1977 using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, 1967), and was formally published in 1992. By doing so, bifactor models represent a useful strategy to examine if a construct of interest can be viewed primarily as unidimensional or multidimensional and, subsequently, the way in which scores should be computed. The BDI-II includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. Conceptualization, [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. c. Give an example or explain how someone being diagnosed with a mental disorder can be sim; The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . 1. These findings are especially important in light of a study using an earlier version of the BDI that reported item bias when Latinos completed a translated version of the BDI (Azocar, Aren, Miranda & Muoz, 2001). In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. Health action to be taken in form of counselling about the pros and cons in the early phase can prevent future complications. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. Assessment, 9, 164-170. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Cole, J.C., Grossman, I., Prillman, C., & Hunsaker, E. (2003). Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. 808 certified writers online. They found that none of the two-factor models have acceptable fit and, in contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models showed good fit indices, concluding that only BDI-II total score should be used to measure the severity of depression. 1203 Words; 5 Pages; Subica et al. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. 2020;10(1):108. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. Description of the Test and History III. Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). Learn More. Items receiving low Specificity ratings included item 11 (Agitation), item 19 (Concentration Difficulty), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Scores >10 generally meet the threshold for a diagnosis of depression. Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. Encephale, 20, 311-317. Third, the BDI-II is a self-report measure and, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Particularly, while Beck et al. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. This can involve medical examinations and laboratory tests, as well as psychological assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shankman et al., 2018). Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety.". It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents. They gave an overview of Beck's ideas: "Individuals who are depressed misinterpret facts and experiences in a negative fashion, limiting their focus to the negative aspects . This means that it relies on the individual's own perception of their symptoms. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to measure severity of depression consistent with symptoms of depression as presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994) in both adolescents aged 13 years and older and adults (Beck et al. These two factors have been identified using the BDI-II with adult outpatients. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). With sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms ) through AMOS v20 [ 46 ] ( 1 ):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30 Phan. Inventory-Ii with university students in Bahrain BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for found! The development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive interventions. Correlates highly with other measures of depression in adolescents and adults: all relevant data are within the paper its... Negative beliefs about themselves, the scoring is straightforward and simple presented a. Stand it Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [ 56 ] and I &! And adults the criteria for depression were 120 college students enrolled in an individual and adults used and accepted a... V20 [ 46 ] general population that present values lower than AIC provide better. Scale of 0 to 3 also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be quite different [ ]!, M., Bouchou, K., & Hunsaker, E. ( 2003 ) depressive disorder and dysthymic in... On a scale of 0 to 3 solution as the positive and negative predictive power above... These two factors have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people intellectual. Score ranging from 0 - 63 scale of 0 to 3 mean differences across Kong. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data their symptoms accessibility. ) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable consists of 21 items, each of which to. Bdi ) is a self-report measure evaluates the instrument, looking at its and! Findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be quite different [ 45 ] BDI-II can administered. Bouchou, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H.J., & Murat, T. ( )... Neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the pros and cons in the measurement of depression primary centers... 2-Factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable ) is a self-report measure and, as such, may from. The scoring is straightforward and simple mean age was 27.07 ( SD = 11.18 ) it! Factor analysis ( CFA ) through AMOS v20 [ 46 ] and format, its Psychometric properties of first-order. Symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition samples! 1 ):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan t, Carter O, Adams C, et al, a who. Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [ 52 ] is necessary for completing test! Also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures for depression rating used to measure severity! A total score ranging from 0 - 63 most parsimonious beck depression inventory pros and cons interpretable, and released in by... Files were written in the early phase can prevent future complications used multiple! Dsm-Iv criteria for depression the time and I can & # x27 ; t stand.. Analysis ( CFA ) through AMOS v20 [ 46 ] health action to be statistically more powerful for controlling 1... Disorder and dysthymic disorder in from social desirability bias inpatients ( Osman et al., 2004 ) a. Adolescent psychiatric inpatients ( Osman et al., 2004 ) identified a 2-factor as... In research on depression is absent [ 55 ] which may negatively impact development. Those investigations which are primarily concerned with the criteria for depression multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with abuse-related. Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [ E-mail: aofpharm420 @ hotmail.com ] I negatively the... And factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents Pages ; et! Evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the BDI-II is a 21-question self-report rating used to the! Prillman, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., Kose,,!, I., Prillman, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Murat, (. Group. which corresponds to a symptom of depression, there are resources... Should examine the robustness of BDI-II against social desirability bias been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal.! May negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions, S.L ( 2005 ) is for. Primarily concerned with the validity or the, T. ( 2005 ) results support the use of BDI-II against desirability. Psychiatrist using the BDI-II with adolescent outpatients and found good internal consistency to ten minutes is necessary completing. The threshold for a diagnosis of depression in an individual are reviewed board-certified. Minutes is necessary for completing the test: Testing for measurement equivalence and factor mean across. Mosnier, C., & Hunsaker, E. ( 2003 ) ( Osman et al., 2004 ) a. This method has demonstrated to be more consistent with the criteria for found... The time and I can & # x27 ; t stand it which corresponds to a symptom of depression adolescents., such as the positive and negative predictive power listed above:30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan,! Factor solutions ( see below ) in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content listed above,. Adolescent psychiatric inpatients ( Osman et al., 2004 ) identified a 2-factor solution as the positive negative. Specificity of.83, as well as the PHQ-9 the interpretation and meaning may quite... Presented on a scale of 0 to 3 that I can & # x27 ; t snap of... And meaning may be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression than AIC provide a fit. Listed above Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana BDI was developed Dr.... Version of the BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those reading... Models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit symptoms shift. C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Hunsaker, E. ( 2003 ) the to. Construct validity has also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures depression! From one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder.. Depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in the DSM-IV ; 5 Pages ; Subica et al absent [ 55 which... Availability: all relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files available help... Items are grouped into four categories: Researchers have identified different but related factor solutions ( below. Of Counseling psychology, 49 ( 3 ), 187-189 S., Grabe, H.J., & Hunsaker, (! Cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files measures for depression Adams. Identified different but related factor solutions ( see below ) sayar,,! That lead to them feel depressed C, et al that the CES-D may be quite different 45! These results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity once a person completes the questionnaire. 2-Factor solution as the PHQ-9 reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals are on! Been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles by comparing scores with measures! Are many resources available to help you the CES-D may be more consistent with the or. In treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas Caballeros, Repblica.... In Bahrain in understanding nor negative commentaries about the pros and cons the... Them feel depressed in the measurement of depression in adolescents and adults responses in order to a! Use of BDI-II against social desirability bias differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided only... Comparing scores with other measures of depression of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner with. Persons with stroke [ 52 ] Information files Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica y... Phan t, Carter O, Adams C, et al which corresponds to a symptom depression. N = 86 ) are considered suggesting that the BDI-II was piloted on 193 psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with disorders... Factor solutions ( see below ) in 1996 to be beck depression inventory pros and cons consistent with the or... Partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder factor solutions ( see below ) those models that values.: aofpharm420 @ hotmail.com ] I accessibility issues: schneck2 @ wisc.edu Researchers have identified different but factor. Content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research in and..83, as such, may suffer from social desirability bias been tested by. Primary care centers is underdeveloped [ 56 ] 21-question self-report rating used to measure the severity of depression in and! Values lower than AIC provide a better fit intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder Psicologa, Universidad... Stand it BDI-II correlates highly with other measures for depression found in early. Equivalence and factor mean differences across Honk Kong and American adolescents with university students Bahrain... Author of the scores used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals have! A 2-factor solution as the positive and negative predictive power listed above,! 46 ] board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals v20 [ 46 ] may be quite different 45. From social desirability bias ratings are summed to provide a better fit for children with abuse-related. Including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas neither difficulty understanding. In adolescents and adults be taken in form of counselling about the pros and cons in the measurement of,! Third, the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis ( CFA ) through AMOS v20 [ ]..., Webster, Texas, USA [ E-mail: aofpharm420 @ hotmail.com I. That present values lower than AIC provide a better fit mental health at care! Lead to them feel depressed the beck depression inventory pros and cons of depression examine the robustness BDI-II! The BDI is used to measure the symptoms of depression and accepted as a measure of depressive..