Ideally, the villagersshould be able to assert some degree of control over their engagement with tourism and should secure clear economical benefits from this. Through the project, they raise funds for local school children and for basic medical equipment, as well as recruit volunteers to teach English in the remote villages and to help rebuild local schools. Much, though not all, of the heritage of Indigenous peoples, including language, is intangible. Criticsdescribe some tribal village visits ashuman zoos, where the subjects are essentially trapped in their villages, compelled to wear traditional clothing and smile for photos. Instead, the local authorities have decided to merelyeducate the visitors on the risks, according to the ancestral teachings ofTjukurpa, so that they can make the decisionnot to climbthemselves. Shultis and Hefner critique theoretical advances and models such as the study of cultural landscapes, socio-ecological systems (SES) and resilience theory, to identify barriers to Indigenous-led conservation, including worldviews that are exclusionary in that they do not take into account Indigenous ways of knowing. between Indigenous tourism and the concepts and practices of sustainable tourism, before reviewing the 16 other papers in this special issue. A special feature of the issue is the research papers provide a long overdue balance to habitually biased media reports about communities of Indigenous peoples who are too often depicted in a negative light. Globally, Indigenous tourism is commonly viewed as a means of facilitating socio-economic benefits to Indigenous individuals, communities and host regions. The main contribution of this special issue, however, is a call for increasing research by, or in collaboration with, Indigenous researchers so that Indigenous authors and editors of academic journals become the norm in academia. The importance of governance, collaboration and embedding Indigenous values and world-views in tourism development is unequivocally necessary to affect positive outcomes with any tourism venture. The paper also touches on issues raised in Shultis and Heffner's work on integrating Indigenous values in conservation management by examining how interpretation can convey Indigenous values. Human zoos, or human safaris as they are dubbed in more remote areas, are a growing concern in places such as Peru, where unscrupulous tour operators are profiting from the exploitation of indigenous tribes in the Amazon jungle. As usual,doing the right thingis a matter of doing enoughresearchand asking enough questions. The authors examined entrepreneurial activities at the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces UNESCO World Heritage Site in China. The papers of the special issue reflect the individual authors aspirations of questioning the processes and dynamics of Indigenous development, especially about how we all engage with, are empowered by and collaborate when planning or developing tourism experiences. Indigenous tourism can be a tool for self-determined development. Concomitantly, readers are privy to the practical and theoretical contributions pertaining to the management of cultural values and Indigenous businesses and the social and economic empowerment of Indigenous groups. The papers in the special issue reflect this and contribute to theoretical and methodological understandings and reflections pertaining to equitable and empowering approaches to Indigenous tourism development. As tourism increases around the Man Biosphere Reservenear Cuzco, so does the number of reported sightings of the Mashco-Piro one of around 15 uncontacted tribes in Peru, and one of only around 100 such tribes left in the world. Such might be the case of the long-neck Padaung (Karen) tribe near Chiang Mai in Northern Thailand, part of whats known as Thai Hill Tribes. (Citation2016) is notable for being written with the input of the First Nation peoples. Whitney-Squire examined related issues of empowerment and product development, self-identification and cultural integrity, not only with the Haida but also with the Mori people of New Zealand and Hawaiians of Hawaii. Papers discussions link several core issues including the value of Indigenous knowledge and cultural traditions (empowerment), governance and planning (implementation), and product development which touches on facets of cultural revitalization, heritage interpretation and authenticity (innovation). Extreme weather conditions have the potential to reduce water availability and erode infrastructure like sewerage systems and housing on the islands. Its a well known travellers debate: participate in ethnic tourism and visit the tribes because they directly rely on it, or dont visit to avoid further exploitation. Tensions and issues around Indigenous and social sustainability were unearthed, with various Indigenous and visitor viewpoints expressed, but overall the Spirit Festival was found to provide a platform for the positive visibility of Indigenous Australians and to demonstrate their value as holders of culture, knowledge and spirit. Over the past decade, adventure travel has shifted from being less about adrenaline and more about learning and transformation. callback: cb So much so thatits nearly impossible to meet authentic Padaung peoplewho are adorning their necks with metal rings because their ancestors did so, not just because they know theyll profit from it. Tourism development can reduce the economic disadvantages of indigenous tribes; however, it is also reproached for the destruction of local culture. (Citation2016), which utilizes site visits enabling participant observations, workshops with community leaders and stakeholder interviews, with these results triangulated with online visitor data. Subscribe to get our latest content by email. They usually are comprised of cultural groups commonly linked by racial characteristics, language, beliefs and kinship lines. Tribal tourism can have a lot of positive effects. A sacred site to the natives,climbing the rock of Uluru violates their culture and spiritual beliefs. This study is set within the context of Baasskap culture, where there are paternalistic attitudes towards Bushmen (immature workers) and a harsh contrast between luxury lodges and poverty-ridden villagers without land who provide cheap tourism labor. Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page Some of these Indian pottery pieces are re-creations of their ancestors archaeological objects the government provides them with photographs of the original artifacts from the national museum collections. Many of the aforementioned challenges and issues facing Indigenous communities are equally important to non-Indigenous communities, especially those that host cultural and/or ethnic tourism experiences. The influx of tourists has also allowed for traditional tribal arts and handicrafts to flourish, which often means an additional or the only source of income for the community. A huge disadvantage to tourism in some countries is that when the tourism industry is doing well, the country neglects to build upon its other sectors. This paper, as with many of the papers in the special issue collection, stresses the value of sustainable tourism concepts and practices being applied to Indigenous tourism development and management. Travelers who wish to participate in some form of tribal tourism (other than involving uncontacted tribes thats invariably highly discouraged) need to inform themselves on the tribe they wish to visit and make sure that any payments go directly to benefiting the indigenous people. Such might be the case of the long-neckPadaung (Karen)tribe near Chiang Mai in Northern Thailand, part of whats known as ThaiHill Tribes. The tourism industry just keeps on growing and mass tourism is becoming a serious threat to the environment. The final four papers explore issues around product design, innovation and development. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Indigenous peoples and tourism: the challenges and opportunities for sustainable tourism, Department of Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, Tourism Cluster, UQ School of Business, The University of Queensland, Australia, Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, Australia. Travelers who wish to participate in some form of tribal tourism (other than involving uncontacted tribes thats invariably highly discouraged) need to inform themselves on the tribe they wish to visit and make sure that any payments go directly to benefiting the indigenous people. The paper describes how information and narratives from workshops and interviews enabled an Indigenized visitor code of conduct to safeguard unique Indigenous values in sensitive environments. It was found that a marked difference occurred within the representation of Aboriginal culture between the regions. A search of the literature followed by examples of indigenous tourism business in Aotearoa add strength to the discussion. What makes the development of Indigenous tourism unique and thus, of special interest to academic researchers? Fortunately the approach has been successful and the number of people climbing Uluru has been steadily declining. The paper contributes a grounded, rather grim, insight into post-apartheid tourism settings where capitalistic, power-led structures require political and governmental change for equality to be realized in such Indigenous settings. These researchers explored issues around economic prosperity, tensions associated with the marketing of culture, enhancement of the socio-economic well-being of Indigenous peoples and challenges within the broader contexts of environmental, economic social and cultural sustainability when pursuing sustainable livelihoods. The non-profit hotel search for the traveler that wants to give back. Once youve. Even then, those tourism businesses that succeed may face a myriad of challenges including geographical isolation, succession issues, internal disagreements, managing the diverse cultural values and expectations of the tourism operators within the community/tourism supply chain and the visitors themselves. Issues of community rivalry, community dependency and the long-term commitment of Indigenous tourism researchers in a participatory planning process are also detailed within the paper. Identified impacts of Indigenous tourism included issues pertaining to acculturation and commodification of culture and thus increasingly, research focused on (among other things), mitigating these negative impacts and identifying ways to ensure tourists had the opportunity to have meaningful experiences of other cultures, in purer, simpler lifestyles (MacCannell, Citation1976, p. 8). Within academic texts, the use of the terms Indigenous and non-Indigenous have thus been regularly used to describe the difference between the original inhabitants of a landscape and those people who are not the original inhabitants. Arguably there is substantial overlap when considering cultural and/or community-based tourism (CBT), as many of the concerns facing Indigenous peoples stem from shared human values, experiences and realities affecting communities worldwide. Even if tourists behave responsibly, the sheer number of them can cause harm. Mori engagement with tourism is based on Mori culture and values and this shapes tourism in distinct ways. Secondly, these papers provide insights into the reality of Indigenous development where communities struggle against poverty or alternatively, where Indigenous tourism ventures are the only positive, empowering opportunity for a community. })(); Enter your e-mail address Some of the lesser known material now also gains exposure by informing some of this issue's papers literature reviews, including unpublished and published theses by Indigenous researchers, such as Ingram (Citation1990), Barnett (Citation1997), Tahana and Opperman (1998), Pihema (Citation2002), Wikitera (Citation2006) and Amoamo (Citation2008). In general,the best toursare the ones where small groups or individuals go with the intention to stay in village overnight, as it generates the most sustainable income. The findings not only showed the frustrations of some operators, but also the ability of others to negotiate their cultural identities and the experiences of their visitors, using online platforms. From the early 1990s, researchers have produced seminal texts and/or journal articles about various dimensions of Indigenous tourism (see Altman & Finlayson, Citation1993; Bunten & Graburn, Citation2009; Butler & Hinch, 1996; Notzke, Citation1999, Citation2004; Ryan & Aicken, Citation2005; Smith, Citation1989, Citation1996; Smith & Brent, Citation2001; Smith & Richards, Citation2013; Sofield, Citation1993; Zeppel, Citation2006). Photographer. Co-founder of Rooms for Change - hotel booking for those who care. ix1+194, 105 (hardback), 20 (eBook), ISBN 978-1-138-08825-2, Domestic demand for indigenous tourism in Australia: Understanding intention to participate, A tourist's vision quest in an African game reserve, Aborigines, tourism and sustainable development, (Re)imaging Mori tourism: Representation and cultural hybridity in postcolonial New Zealand. The paper contributes a notable example of how Indigenous peoples utilize capitalist opportunities to enhance subsistence lifestyles through tourism employment. Building on Figueroa's (2010, p.75) work, he urges a move away from . In Australia, for example, indigenous tourism is a way for non-indigenous Aussies to hear about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of life. Their Share the Dreaminitiative is designed to help local villagers lead better lives. Additionally, several contributors have explored new innovative opportunities to strengthen cultural identity by Indigenous control of the representation, branding or images presented in online marketing (Mkono, Citation2016; Seiver & Matthews, Citation2016). There has been growing evidence that the tribes are being exploited by those so-called tour operators looking for quick and easy profit. We won't send you spam. Purpose Tourism development can reduce the economic disadvantages of indigenous tribes; however, it is also reproached for the destruction of local culture. On an overall level, much of the work on sustainable tourism, to date, has been concentrated on understanding and managing the impacts of tourism on the physical environment. They identify trends in the research themes, noting a distinct trend in research addressing Indigenous tourism in the context of sustainable tourism and development. Over the past decade, adventure travel has shifted from being less about adrenaline and more about learning and transformation. Thirdly, this issue presents studies from areas previously under-represented in the literature, thus furthering the academic discussion about tourism and Indigenous peoples, while also bringing new authors research in the field together in a single volume. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. window.mc4wp.listeners.push( The concerns arise also because in many cases Western visitors come hoping for the perfect photo opportunity rather than true cultural immersion and genuine engagement. The authors examined how Indigenous interpretive guides (who were representatives of the Yithuwarra Traditional Owners) interpreted the significance of the cave paintings and the natural vegetation of the island to expedition cruise passengers by employing an ethnographic approach with interviews, open-ended discussions and participant observations. The overall contribution from the authors reflections and research findings includes a comprehensive understanding of PRA frameworks for analyzing and reviewing community involvement in planning, negotiation, development and implementation of a complex tourism venture in a politically tense and geographically challenging setting. This paper is written by the special issue's guest editors who, collectively, have over 50years of experience in leading theoretical and applied Indigenous tourism research projects that have focused on a wide range of issues, and also in teaching and supervising both undergraduate and postgraduate projects centered on and around various aspects of Indigenous tourism. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? For travelers interested in a meaningful interaction with other cultures, these tours can be very rewarding. From both praxis and theoretical perspectives, the intangible and tangible manifestations of Indigenous tourism development have gained an academic following since the mid-twentieth century. Many countries with ancient ruins or natural attractions are also in danger of destruction or erosion with significant foot traffic and human interaction. The penultimate paper, Espeso-Molinero etal. Its a well known travelers dilemma: participate in ethnic tourism and visit the tribes because they directly rely on it to sustain themselves, or not visiting in order to avoid further exploitation. Findings from research with the Indigenous interpreters were triangulated with a survey of the experiences of expedition cruise passengers. Similarly, theChorotega pottersofCosta Ricasvillage ofGuaitilcontinue creating their distinctive pre-Columbian oven baked art pottery. The Guna sustainable tourism model (Pereiro, Citation2016) particularly deserves to have greater discussion and testing elsewhere. Whitney-Squire (Citation2016) presents a collaborative study that was undertaken with the Haida First Nation people of Haida Gwaii in British Columbia, Canada. For example, modernization, with the expansion of digital media and urbanization, stresses the need for the empowerment of Indigenous peoples via their involvement in the governance of the regions they inhabit. The intricate hand-made masks of Costa RicanBorucapeople, for example, have gained international fame and facilitated not only economic self-reliance of the village, but also the preservation of the craft. Moreover, while Padaung women and children in the village sell handicrafts and pose for the tourists all day long, the men in most cases dont work at all. Sustainable tourism advocate. Source: event : evt, On the other hand, some argue thatethnic tourism has helped foster greater awareness of indigenous people, many of whom face oppression, forced land relocation, and challenges to social and economic integration. Ethnographic researchers were arguably the forerunners of studies focusing on the impacts of tourism on Indigenous peoples. Practical and theoretical contributions about how cultural values and Indigenous businesses can be managed and ultimately empower Indigenous groups both economically and socially are explored in this special issue. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The final paper, Abascal etal. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Despite the efforts, the culture divide between Aboriginal peoples and non-Indigenous Australians is not easy to bridge. The paper by Chan etal. Not only is the research undertaken in collaboration with the Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation, they are further empowered by participating in the process of academic publication of the research. The underpinning principles of the collective research clearly resonate with the manifestations of the United Nations (UN) Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UN, Citation2016) from 2007. Tourists to Indias Andaman Islands are using an illegal road to enter the reserve of the Jarawa tribe in the hope of spotting members of the tribe not unlike spotting wildlife in a safari parkOur partner Survival International has drafted an e-mail to the Indian governmentasking them to close the road and stop the human safaris now, its easy to get involved! The country will pump all of its major resources into building the tourism industry, thus leaving other sectors to diminish. What is Indigenous Tourism about. The Guna (1996) Statute of Guna Tourism enabled the Guna people to respond to growing visitor numbers via Indigenous-led planning and monitoring of the visitor sector (Pereiro, Martnez, Ventocilla, De Len, & Del Valle, Citation2012). Ultimately, Indigenous scholars and tourism providers should be the major contributors to, and commentators about, mainstream and niche approaches to Indigenous tourism management, whilst communities gain visibility not just as the visited Other, but as global leaders within tourism and related sectors. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Indigenous tourism, also known as ethnic or tribal tourism, has been a particularly fast growing trend. Early works, such as these, have to varying degrees, been underpinned by the principles of sustainability and thus often espoused development that not only facilitates the economic well-being of Indigenous peoples and ensures conservation of Indigenous cultural landscapes and the environment, but also (and above all), ensures tourism development is used as a positive opportunity for enhancing the social, cultural and place identity of Indigenous peoples (Amoamo & Thompson, Citation2011; Bunten & Graburn, Citation2009; Carr, Citation2004; Lemelin, Thompson-Carr, Johnson, Stewart, & Dawson, Citation2013; Shackley, Citation2001; Smith & Richards, Citation2013; Sofield, Citation1991, Citation1993, Citation2003; Sofield & Birtles, Citation1996; Spark, Citation2002; Thompson, 2007; Thompson, Citation2013). The research explores a capacity building initiative utilizing participatory action research where the researchers assisted four Indigenous Hack Winik companies with the development of cultural and heritage tourism products. The secondary analysis is complimented by surveying researchers of Indigenous tourism. 16. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Indigenous peoples and tourism: the chal . : Sustainable Tourism and Indigenous Peoples; Guest Editors: Anna Carr, Lisa Ruhanen & Michelle Whitford, Sustainable tourism and Indigenous peoples, The special value of Indigenous tourism for sustainable tourism studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1193187, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1189923, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.193188, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1173045, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1149184, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1182536, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1158828, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1158825, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1177067, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1189924, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145229, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1182537, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1158827, https://www.un.org/development/desa/Indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-Indigenous-peoples.html, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1177064, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1189925, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1091466, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Asnative peoples comprise only about 3% of the countrys total population, non-indigenous Australians can unintentionallyhave very little cultural awareness, not to mention interaction. (Citation2016) introduces the readers to Chinese perspectives of Indigenous sustainable tourism issues. *We'll only send you worthwhile updates! The papers also present the complexity of multi-faceted, yet diverse issues facing Indigenous peoples seeking economic empowerment or revitalization of their cultural identity through the provision of visitor services or experiences. (Citation2016). Moreover, many of the rights in the Declaration underpin issues discussed in the special issue papers, including the rights to lands and territories (Articles 10 and 25), the use and revitalization of languages or recognition of place names (Article 13), involvement in decision-making processes (Article 18), involvement in development and employment opportunities (Articles 20, 21) and most significantly, the numerous Articles advocating Indigenous rights to lands, territories and natural or cultural resources and those which advocate cultural heritage traditions and revitalization (Article 11.1) and (Article 31.1). They too draw on research that is geographically situated in a North American context. Their culture suffers and they dont have time for their traditional life and costumes. The paper suggests the internet is not only a cost-effective means to access the marketplace of travelers from near and afar, it also provides the opportunity for Indigenous peoples to adopt the use of social media, which then empowers those Indigenous peoples as they directly manage visitor satisfaction and brands via online communication. While the Guna may shape tourism, rather than being shaped by tourism, they still grapple with social and environmental challenges. Human zoos, orhuman safarisas they are dubbed in more remote areas, are a growing concern in places such asPeru, whereunscrupuloustour operators are profiting from the exploitation of indigenous tribes in the Amazon jungle. The range of research projects presented here offer questions and findings about the marketing, product development, planning and control of Indigenous tourism in a variety of environments: the implications of which are that these issues may be of interest to non-Indigenous communities too. The previous paper's approach to product development is community (supply) driven but an understanding of market demand is also a necessity. Other collective terms also in use refer to First Peoples or Native Peoples, First Nations or People of the Land, Aboriginals or Fourth World Peoples (Tuhiwai Smith, Citation1999, p. 6). Experiences that form a nation-wide reconciliation program include sharing history and traditions through tours, promoting native foods, arts, music and dance. Their sincerest thanks and gratitude, however, must go to the champion of this special issue, Professor Bernard Lane, who has worked tirelessly behind the scenes. And spiritual beliefs the following benefits a notable example of how Indigenous peoples, including language, and. Thingis a matter of doing enoughresearchand asking enough questions or erosion with significant foot traffic human! 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