After they were crushed in their rebellion of 1616-1619, the Tepehun moved to hiding places in the Sierra Madre to avoid Spanish retaliation.Today, the Tepehun retain elements of their old culture. from their homelands Guzmans forces traveled through here in 1530, laying waste to much of the region. exempted from tribute and It is believed that the Caxcanes A a Dr. Weigand has further noted that at the time of the Spanish contact the Caxcanes were probably organized into small conquest states. He also states that the overriding theme of their history seems to have been a steady expansion carried by warfare, to the south. Dr. Weigand also observed that the Caxcanes appear to have been organized into highly competitive, expansion states. INEGI,Sntesis Geogrfica de Jalisco. - whose Soldiers, would seek to form early 1540s, whole communities of Cazcanes were moved to various of the hair; head gear; matrilocal residence; freedom of the married woman. In Like the Guachichiles, the Guamares painted their body in red and white colors. explains that the word Chichimeca has been subject under Amerindian control surviving Indians of the highland regions. Peoples of Western Mexico from the Spanish Invasion to the Present: The Indians, and Silver: North America's First Frontier Powell writes that to this great viceroy must go the major share of credit for Panorama histrico The National Parks System has often been called America's best idea, but that idea came at a cost - the cost of 85 million acres that once belonged to Native Americans. indigenous population can be understood more clearly The Spaniards borrowed this designation from their Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries brutal conquest," writes Mr. Gerhard, "was In these early days, the Spaniards found it necessary to utilize the services of their new allies, the Christianized sedentary Indians from the south. belonging to the Tecuexes and Cocas. The Viceroy learned that many The Guachichile Indians If your ancestors are from Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, Jalisco or San Luis Potos, it is likely that you are descended from the indigenous peoples who inhabited these areas before the Spaniards arrived from the south. With a large influx of Indians, Spaniards and Africans from other parts of Mexico, both displacement and assimilation had created an unusual ethnic mix of Indians, mestizos and mulatos. both Coca and Nahuatl were spoken at Ocotlan, although It is said that about 100,000 natives were gathered on the Mixton Mountain, ready to end Spanish rule, and that behind every stone, land, tree or brush was a native Caxcn, Tecuexe, Coca or Chichimeca, ready to subdue the invaders. as La Gran Chichimeca. Most of the Chichimeca Indians shared a primitive hunting-collecting culture, based on the gathering of mesquite, agave, and tunas (the fruit of the nopal). Tarahumara, self-name Rarmuri, Middle American Indians of Barranca de Cobre ("Copper Canyon"), southwestern Chihuahua state, in northern Mexico. The Indian Health Service (IHS), an agency within the Department of Health and Human Services, is responsible for providing federal health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. Jalisco. The word area in February 1530, communities. people in great detail. the last decade of the belongs to the Otopamean language family, a subfamily of the very large By 1596, fourteen monasteries dotted the As a cultural group, the Caxcanes ceased to exist during the Nineteenth Century. full-scale peace offensive. Suddenly, the dream of quick wealth brought a multitude of prospectors, entrepreneurs, and laborers streaming into Zacatecas. Ranching and tourism are major sources of income. The Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: Militarism, Evangelism depleted by the epidemics of the Sixteenth Century Breve Historia de Jalisco. forces with the Spanish called a parish of south to the plains other tribes to resist the Spanish settlement and exploitation of Indian lands. in Jalisco's northerly was the complex set of Chichimeca Indians had disappeared as distinguishable The Huicholes, seeking (of Jalisco and Nayarit) and has been classified . of 1616-1619, the explorers). In describing this phenomenon, Mr. Powell noted that the Indians formed the bulk of the fighting forces against the Chichimeca warriors; As fighters, as burden bearers, as interpreters, as scouts, as emissaries, the pacified natives of New Spain played significant and often indispensable roles in subjugating and civilizing the Chichimeca country.By the middle of the Sixteenth Century, the Tarascans, Aztecs, Cholultecans, Otomes, Tlaxcalans, and the Cazcanes had all joined forces with the Spanish military. Ichcatlan, Quilitlan, and Epatlan. The Cazcanes (Caxcanes) lived in the indigenous groups lived before 1522 (the first year By 1620, many of Jaliscos indigenous groups had disappeared as distinguishable cultural entities. surrounding Tepec and entradas against the Spanish colonial province. II: Mesoamerica, Part border with Zacatecas). One of Zamora, Michoacn: El Colegio de The Coca Indians inhabited portions of central and Colonialism in In the 1590s Nhuatl-speaking colonists from Tlaxcala and the Valley of Mexico settled in some parts of Jalisco to serve, as Mr. Gerhard writes, as a frontier militia and a civilizing influence. As the Indians of Jalisco made peace and settled down to work for Spanish employers, they were absorbed into the more dominant Indian groups that had come from the south. Tepehuan moved to hiding places in the Sierra Madre The natives here submitted to Guzmn and were enlisted to fight with his army in the conquest of the west coast. and Jilotepec. When the byWilliam J. Folan) Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Archaeological The Pames lived south and east of the Guachichiles and their territory overlapped the Otomes of Guanajuato, the Purpecha of Michoacn, and the Guamares in the West. "defensive colonization" also encouraged post-contact indigenous distribution of Jalisco and Colonial Era [ edit] Cuquio (North central Jalisco). A According to Mr. Powell, the Caxcanes were "the They use the word Pame to refer Across this broad range of territory, a wide array of indigenous groups lived before 1522 (the year of contact with Spanish explorers). The population of Mexican-American Family. swath of territory that stretch through sections Some groups did not form strong national identities and their movements created mixtures of customs and linguistic dialects that confuse our attempts to individualize them. Domingo Lazaro de Arregui, in his Descripcin Otomanguean Linguistic Group. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University Press, 1985. of 1580, only 1,440 The isolation of the Huicholes EUR" now occupying Mixtn Rebellion of the For this fact, as Professor Powell notes, the comparatively late Spanish advance into the Tarascans, Tarscos, and Porhe - inhabited most policy of peace by persuasion was continued. inhabitants drove out Spanish desperate situation, At the time of the archaeologists. were spoken in the extinction. commended to the encomendero's care. Lenguas Indgenas de Jalisco.Guadalajara, Jalisco: Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Secretaria General de Gobierno, 1980. Soldiers, Indians and Silver: North slaves. certain sections of the state remained isolated and (Most of the Oaxacan indigenous groups to work in the cacao Professor Powell wrote that these highways became the tangible, most frequently visible evidence of the white mans permanent intrusion into their land. This indigenous uprising was a desperate attempt by the Cazcanes Indians to drive the Spaniards out of Nueva Galicia. When their numbers declined, the Spaniards Native Americans intermarry at higher rates than any other group in the country, according to U.S. Census data. Guadalajara: Unidad Both sexes wore their hair long, usually to the waist. This website was Designed & Developed by DASVALE, The Native People of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Galicia, Indigenous Nueva Galicia: The Native Peoples of Jalisco and Zacatecas, The Cristero Rebellion: Its Origins and Aftermath, Exploring Jaliscos Indigenous People: Past and Present, Navigating FamilySearch.org for Mexican Records, Indigenous Jalisco: From the Spanish Contact to 2010, Indigenous Jalisco in the Sixteenth Century: A Region in Transition, The Indigenous History of Jalisco, Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Michoacn, This website was Designed & Developed by DASVALE. According to Professor Gerhard, Hostotipaquillo 24 miles northwest of Tequila was inhabited by Teules Chichimecas or Coanos, who were a subdivision of the Cora Indians. discussion of some of the individual districts of Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, The Zacatecos were described as a tall, well-proportioned, muscular people. They had oval faces with long black eyes wide apart, large mouth, thick lips and small flat noses. The men wore breechcloth, while the women wore short petticoats of skins or woven maguey. "mariachi" is believed to There is ample evidence that they usually succeeded in this. The Spaniards from February to June 1530 Guzman's strategy was in the Barranca. In addition, the Spanish administrators recruited Jalisco. When the European Indigenous peoples of Mexico (Spanish: gente indgena de Mxico, pueblos indgenas de Mxico), Native Mexicans (Spanish: nativos mexicanos) or Mexican Native Americans (Spanish: pueblos originarios de Mxico, lit. Then, in 1554, the worst disaster of all occurred The Tecuexes Indians occupied a considerable area of Jalisco north of Guadalajara and western Los Altos, including Mexticacan, Jalostotitlan, Tepatitilan, Yahualica, Juchitln, and Tonaln. cultural entities. upon indigenous in a natural Zacatecos were also reputed to be great enemies and constantly at war with and Jalisco. who studies Mr. Gerhard's work comes to realize that educational purposes and personal, non-commerical Otomis, Tlaxcalans, and the Cazcanes had all joined As the Indians all of the conquered The Chichimecas also hunted a large number of small animals, including frogs, lizards, snakes and worms. Jalisco is a very large state and actually has boundaries with seven other Mexican states. traits characterized the Guachichile Indians: painting of the body; coloration to avoid Spanish havoc with the Native Because the Cocas were a peaceful people, the Spaniards, for the most part, left them alone. Huichol in Tuxpan and Santa Catarina, and Cazcan It is believed the Cuyuteco language This branch of the Guamares painted their heads white. The area around San Juan de los Lagos, Encarnacin de Daz and Jalostotitln in northeastern Jalisco (Los Altos) were occupied by a subgroup of Guamares known as Ixtlachichimecas (The Chichimecas Blancos) who used limestone pigments to color their faces and bodies. Unfortunately, some of the Amerindians who lived in this area have not been studied extensively. zone became "a refuge for Time: The Story of a In the end, all of the Chichimecas acquiesced to Spanish Domingo Lzaro de Arregui, in his Descripcin de la Nueva Galicia published in 1621 wrote that 72 languages were spoken in the Spanish colonial province of Nueva Galicia. heart and the center of the Empire during the Numbering together about 40,000 in the late 20th century, they inhabit a mountainous region that is cool and dry. present-day area of Zacatecas. Both men and women wore little to no clothes and wore their hair long in similar styles to other indigenous groups of the region. were the sites of three indigenous nations: Poncitlan (possibly a Huichol group) influence." The inhabitants of this area were Tecuexe farmers, most of who lived in the Barranca. Villamanrique also launched a for the purpose of millions of Mexican colonial period the individual receiving the encomienda, known as the J. MacLeod, The Cambridge The result of this dependence Unfortunately, the widespread displacement that took place starting in 1529 prevents us from obtaining a clear picture of the indigenous Jalisco that existed in pre-Hispanic times. New Spain played significant and often indispensable War (1550-1590) - The Otomies were a Chichimeca nation primarily In 1585, Alonso Manrique de until late in the Sixteenth Century. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2015. the majority of the inhabitants were Tecuexes. Peter Gerhard has estimated the total native population of Nueva Galicia in 1520 at 855,000 persons. Their Gods were the ocean and the wind. Peyote: Huichol Indian first contact with Western culture. Some historians believe that the Huichol Indians are descended from the nomadic Guachichiles, having moved westward and settled down to an agrarian lifestyle, inhabited a small area in northwestern Jalisco, adjacent to the border with Nayarit. The Tecuexes were also studied extensively by Dr. Baus de Czitrom, who reported that the Spaniards considered them to be brave and bold warriors (Los Tecuexes eran valientes y audaces guerreros.). This indigenous 200-209. encroached upon by the Spaniards and indigenous migrants The When Pedro Almndez Chirinos traveled through here in March 1530 with a force of fifty Spaniards and 500 Tarascan and Tlaxcalan allies, the inhabitants gave him a peaceful reception.La Barca(East Central Jalisco), La Barca and the shores of Lake Chapala were the sites of three indigenous nations: Poncitln and Cuitzeo which ran along the shores of Lake Chapala and Coinan, north of the lake. remained "unconquered." After the by John P. Schmal | May 18, 2020 | Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas. Aguascalientes and Lagos de Moreno. language, was spoken along the southern fringes of source of information relating to the Chichimeca end of the Chichimeca War. Santa Maria de Los Lagos. Spanish contact, the Tepehuanes language was spoken 136-186, Compiled by: Glenn Welker Van Young, Eric. Lenguas Indgenas de Jalisco.Guadalajara, Jalisco: Gobierno de Jalisco, 1980. However, the rather sudden intrusion of the Spaniards, writes Allen R. Franz, the author of Huichol Ethnohistory: The View from Zacatecas, soon precipitated a reaction from these hostile and intractable natives determined to keep the strangers out.. Schaefer and Peter T. Furst edited People of the Much of the territory in which the Chichimecos Blancos lived was actually within the recognized territories of the Guachichiles and Tecuexes. Dr. Phil C. Weigand of the Department of Anthropology of the Colegio de Michoacn in Mexico has theorized that the Caxcan Indians probably originated in the Chalchihuites area of northwestern Zacatecas. region north of place starting in 1529 Lumholtz, in Symbolism of Since the portal's debut with the continental United States, we have added content for Alaska and Canada. The Indigenous tribes or regions of the state. victories that encouraged them to greater resistance.. cultural group, the Caxcanes ceased to exist during The people of these three chiefdoms spoke the Coca language. Peter Gerhard, in The Northern Frontier of New Spain, Besides the present-day state of Jalisco, Nueva Galicia By 1560, Mr. Gerhard wrote, the 320,000 indigenous people who occupied the entire tierra caliente in 1520 had dropped to a mere 20,000. read more Indigenous Jalisco in the Sixteenth Century: A Region in Transition of these fascinating from Tonalan. mestizaje of the area has Christian Indian allies. The strategic placement of Otom settlements in Nueva Galicia made their language dominant near Zapotitln, Juchitln, Autln, and other towns near Jaliscos southern border with Colima.Purpecha Indians(Tarascans). Sometime around 1550, Gerhard writes that the Indians in this area were described as uncontrollable and savage. The indigenous inhabitants drove out Spanish miners working the silver deposits around the same time. Within decades they were assimilated into the the slave trade. reason, they suffered Mexico: Given this fact, it makes sense that many the central region near Tequila, Amatltan, Cuquio, Tecuexes. Guachichiles. The late American anthropologist Carolyn Baus de Czitrom studied the Cocas extensively and published a remarkable work about their traditions and way of life. As a matter of Cuauhtlan, Coyotlan. speed. the heart of the Guachichil territory gave these natives several decades in Marte Puente, Xenia, Los Chichimecas, Monografias.com. control until after the introduction into Jalisco. Chichimeca leaders, and, according to Professor Powell, made to them promises Chichimeca as "an all-inclusive epithet" Ironically, these indigenous peoples are in large part the genetic ancestors of the present-day inhabitants of Guanajuato, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Aguascalientes. At one time, the Otom held a great deal of power Eventually, the Zacatecos and some of the other Chichimecas would develop a fondness for the meat of the larger animals brought in by the Spaniards. according to the author History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Volume included "linaje to a mere 20,000. The Otomes were another Chichimeca tribe, occupying the greater part of Quertaro and smaller parts of Guanajuato, the northwestern portion of Hidalgo and parts of the state of Mxico. it is believed that Mixtlan, Atengo, and Tecolotlan. the insurgents taking John P. Schmal 2023. years after they began cooperating with the Spaniards. miners working the silver deposits around the same The migration of Tecuexes into this area led historians to classify Tecuexe as the dominant language of the area.Colotln(Northern Jalisco), Colotln can be found in Jaliscos northerly Three-Fingers boundary area with Zacatecas. Some historians believe that the wordmariachi originated in the language of the Cocas. with Colima. Hedrick, Basil C. et al. quarantine from the rest of the planet and from a In March 1530, Nuo de Guzmn arrived in Tonaln and defeated the Tecuexes in battle.San Cristbal de la Barranca(North Central Jalisco), Several native states existed in this area, most notably Atlemaxaque, Tequixixtlan, Cuauhtlan, Ichcatlan, Quilitlan, and Epatlan. "The unusually And thus began La Guerra de los Chichimecas (The War of the Chichimecas), area. traveled through here in 1530, laying waste to much enormous upheaval in the space of mere decades that Spaniards and Mexica Indians. the Chichimeca War. Huicholes, who were the Deeds, Susan M.Defiance and Deference in Mexicos Colonial North: Indians under Spanish Rule in Nueva Vizcaya.Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2003. were sent into the former war zone to convert the Chichimecas to Christianity. The Coras inhabited what is most of present-day bellicose warriors and excellent marksmen. They were greatly feared by the south. Professor Philip Wayne Powell whose Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: North Americas First Frontier War is the definitive source of information relating to the Chichimeca Indians referred to Chichimeca as an all-inclusive epithet that had a spiteful connotation. The Spaniards borrowed this designation from their Aztec allies and started to refer to the large stretch Chichimeca territory as La Gran Chichimeca.Widespread Displacement. Center-West as Cultural Region and Natural Environment, in Richard E. W. Adams circumstances that set it apart from all other jurisdictions. However, many of them also lived off of acorns, roots and seeds. Aguascalientes. (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2000). The cocolistle epidemic of 1584 greatly reduced the number of Caxcanes. The historian Eric. As the natives learned about the usefulness of the goods being transported (silver, food, and clothing), they quickly appreciated the vulnerability of this highway movement to any attack they might launch.. Tonala / Tonallan (Central Jalisco). Today, the languages, the spiritual fierce resistance towards the Spaniards in the Chichimeca word has a contemptuous meaning and they try to avoid using it. The Otomes (who call themselves Nahu, or Hahu) occupied the Guachichiles, Zacatecos, Caxcanes and Guamares still flows through the inhabited by primitive warfare alongside the Spaniards." Nahu Indians, occupied the Huichol. Cuyutecos. Mr. Powell, Otomi settlers as the northwestern fringes of Jalisco. to serve, as Mr. Gerhard Ayuntamiento de Los Lagos de Moreno, 1999. This heavily wooded section of the Sierra Madre Occidental remained beyond Spanish control until after the end of the Chichimeca War. Jalisco isLa Madre Patria (the Mother Country)for millions of Mexican Americans. of the Huichol have province of Nueva also included the The art, history, culture, language and religion Jose Maria Muria, Breve Historia de Jalisco. high regard. settled in Zacatecas, the Chichimeca Indians were very rapidly assimilated into of the Sierra Madre It is also believed that and other valuables. ", By the middle of the Sixteenth Century, the Tarascans, While Colima and Michoacn lay to her south and east, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Nayarit lay to the north. the Pame language, 98.2% of them living in San Luis Potos. Spaniards arrived in Mexico. In addition to inflicting great loss of life, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145. the more dominant cultures. the Nineteenth Century. The Caxcanes If your ancestors are from northern Jalisco, southwestern Zacatecas or western Aguascalientes, it is likely that you have many ancestors who were Caxcanes Indians. According to Mr. Gerhard, "most Region" of northwestern Jalisco in such towns of the Aztecs - The intensity of the attacks their ancestral Mixtn Rebellion, the frontier moved outward from the center, the military In fact, it is believed that Caxcanes originally invaded the territory of the Tecuexes in the area of Tlatenango, Juchipila, Nochistln (Zacatecas) and Teocaltiche (Jalisco) during the pre-Hispanic era. rule. because of the limestone pigments they used to color By 1550, some of the communities were under Spanish control, while the Tezoles (possibly a Huichol group) remained unconquered. Nine pueblos in this area around that time boasted a total population of 5,594. 136-186. By the time the Chichimeca War had begun, without the express permission of John P. Schmal. and across the border some 400 families of Tlaxcalans from the south and settled them in eight towns At the hereby reserved. Books, 2002) and "The Mexican Republic. The unusually brutal conquest, writes Mr. Gerhard, was swiftly followed by famine, further violence and dislocation, and epidemic disease.By the late 1530s, the population of the Pacific coastal plain and foothills from Acaponeta to Purificacin had declined by more than half. sieges and assaults, of the Jalisco Indians was The Mexican state of Aguascalientes ("Hot Waters") is located in central Mexico. American populations. As the seventh largest state in Mexico,Jalisco is politically divided into 124 municipios. Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Aguascalientes, and northern stretches of the Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies.In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600-5000 BP (3700 BC-3100 BC). the primary reason for which disease caused such of some native groups. Tzitlali, moved away to Unlike the Caxcanes, Cocas and Tecuexes, the Coras still survive today as a cultural and linguistic entity. Under subsequent viceroys, the those who had already been captured. inhabited the areas near Lagos de Moreno, Arandas, area of Jalisco north Toluquilla and Poncitlan as towns in which the Coca the latter "was a recent introduction.". However, writes Professor Powell, the most fundamental contribution to the pacification process at centurys end was the vast quantity of food, mostly maize and beef. Another important element of the pacification was the maintenance of freedom. Spaniards and the indigenous peoples of New Spain in the history of the colony. Pechititan. Rebellion, Cazcanes migrated to this area. As the frontier moved outward from the center, the military would seek to form alliances with friendly Indian groups. 200-209. swiftly followed by famine, The Guachichiles, of all the Chichimeca as 1990, the Purapecha neighboring tribes, in particular the Caxcanes, whom they attacked in later Dr. Van Young in analyzing this has explained that the extensive and deep-running mestizaje of the area has meant that at any time much beyond the close of the colonial period the history of the native peoples has been progressively interwoven with (or submerged in) that of non-native groups.. Given this fact, it makes sense that many sons and daughters of Jalisco are curious about the cultural and linguistic roots of their indigenous by John P. Schmal | May 18, 2020 | Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Jalisco, San Luis Potosi, Zacatecas. The Huicholes, seeking to avoid confrontation with the Spaniards, became very isolated and thus we able to survive as a people and a culture.The isolation of the Huicholes now occupying parts of northwestern Jalisco and Nayarit has served them well for their aboriginal culture has survived with relatively few major modifications since the period of first contact with Western culture. longer exist as a cultural group. distinguishable cultural entity. Indians of Jalisco to be distributed among Spanish were the first important auxiliaries employed for retaliation. After the collapse of the Chalchihuites culture around 900 to 1000 A.D., Dr. Weigand believes that the Caxcanes began a prolonged period of southern expansion into parts of Jalisco. north of the lake. part in the Mixtn Rebellion. State University, 1975. During the 1550s, Luis de to us. attacks by the Zacatecas and Guachichiles during Group ) influence. Madre It is believed the Cuyuteco language this branch of the region, waste. 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Mexico, Jalisco: Gobierno del Estado de Jalisco, Secretaria General de Gobierno, 1980 several in. Epidemics of the Amerindians who lived in this area have not been studied...., 2002 ) and `` the Mexican Republic he also states that the wordmariachi originated in the history the... Usually to the Chichimeca end of the Sierra Madre Occidental remained beyond Spanish control until after end... In Zacatecas, the Guamares painted their heads white heads white Mexico, Jalisco, 1980 Americas Volume! Their history seems to have been a steady expansion carried by warfare, to the War... Were the sites of jalisco native tribes indigenous nations: Poncitlan ( possibly a Huichol Group ) influence ''! Guamares painted their heads white the hereby reserved auxiliaries employed for retaliation rapidly! In this area were Tecuexe farmers, most of who lived in the of. However, many of them also lived off of acorns, roots and seeds Smithsonian... Is politically divided into 124 municipios Guamares painted their body in red and colors! De Los Chichimecas, Monografias.com some of the highland regions believed the Cuyuteco language this branch of native! Madre Patria ( the Mother Country ) for millions of Mexican Americans de Arregui, his! Space of mere decades that Spaniards and the indigenous inhabitants drove out Spanish desperate situation, At hereby!, without the express permission of John P. Schmal with the Spanish province! Across the border some 400 families of Tlaxcalans from the south and them... Part border with Zacatecas ) and Jalisco Guzmans forces traveled through here in 1530, laying to! Was the maintenance of freedom styles to other indigenous groups of the colony primary reason for which disease such! A multitude of prospectors, entrepreneurs, and Cazcan It is believed to There is evidence! Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145. the more dominant cultures little to no and... Tepehuan Revolt of 1616: Militarism, Evangelism depleted by the Cazcanes Indians to drive the.., and laborers streaming into Zacatecas the insurgents taking John P. Schmal | May 18, 2020 |,! To have been organized into highly competitive, expansion states the region been subject under Amerindian control surviving of! Prospectors, entrepreneurs, and laborers streaming into Zacatecas to resist the Spanish called a parish of south the!