In this case, you were able to incorporate a stateless nation into your answers for both Part A and Part B. (and of course equivalents in other languages) may be okay in one country but offensive in another. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. Fig. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. The Kurdish population has been estimated at between 20 and 40 million people who are united by language and customs, rather than religion (most are Muslim, though.) "State" refers to a governing structure with sovereignty over a geographical territory. These millions of stigmatized individuals worldwide are known as "stateless," defined by international law as "a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law." To take an example from Arabic speaking communities of the Middle East. Due to the disastrous results of these contacts (e.g., disease, genocide, mass suicide), the Brazilian government often prohibits outsiders from entering Indigenous reserves or making contact, and over 60 groups remain entirely uncontacted. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. The 2017 conflict began when Rohingya militants attacked police outposts in Myanmar. Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. Bring Albert to your school and empower all teachers with the world's best question bank for: Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. Thailand is home to an estimated 2 to 3.5 million stateless individuals. [4] However, not all peoples within multi-cultural states have the same awareness of being a stateless nation. The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) The Stateless Nation: A Future for the Kurds Iran has been playing with fire for a hundred years specifically, Iranian state policy towards the Iranian Kurdish community is a recipe for disaster. Its people often live in varying degrees of attachment to their original nation. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Hundreds of thousands of stateless people in Thailand are members of indigenous "hill tribes" like the Akna, Lanu, Lisu, Yao, Shan, Hmong and Karen. It's a tough neighborhood: Kurds are spread across a region known as Kurdistan, comprising the highlands of northern Syria, eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and parts of Iran. Some of the stateless boys in the Thai cave lived in the Golden Triangle and were the children of undocumented migrants who had fled guerilla warfare in Myanmar. Economic distress As elsewhere, in the refugee settlements in South Asia, the risks of contracting COVID-19 have much to do with employment and economic status, and You will most likely be given choices that are descriptions of stateless nations, with you having to choose the correct answer or you will be given the description of a stateless nation, and you have to choose the correct term from the given choices. A. stateless nation All of the following statements about the European Union are true EXCEPT that it A. has not grown in size since its original creation. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. It is important to understand that even when nations have autonomy they may still be disadvantaged compared to other groups of citizens. It is widely assumed that the British form a relatively homogeneous society with a strong sense of identity, but it is an assumption that requires considerable . Another possibility is that you could be given a map with an example of a modern stateless nation (most likely the ones given above) and you will have to describe the concept that is being displayed on the map. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Dave Roos One result of this was a power struggle between secular forces, i.e., princes and local rulers, and the Church. The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. However, it is a great topic and point of conversation to use to add depth to your argument for an FRQ related to political geography, which you are more than likely to be asked. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. D. contains countries whose economies complement one another. The stateless Kurd population in Syria was estimated at 300,000 when the Syrian civil war began in 2011. For example, the homelands of most of Mexico's 70 nations, Brazil's 300 nations, Nigeria's up to 400 nations, and Papua New Guinea's over 600 nations are entirely within those countries. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). Islam in Middle Eastern Societies, Part 7. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. The term was coined in 1983 by political scientist Jacques Leruez in his book L'cosse, une nation sans tat about the peculiar position of Scotland within the British state. Create and find flashcards in record time. They resented this because they believed that the land was theirs and was taken away by the British. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known ( and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. Similarly, the situation of the Brasileirinhos Apatrids, stateless children born to Brazilian parents abroad who were unable to acquire Brazilian nationality unless they went back to live in Brazil, was resolved in 2007. In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, [4], During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations. [24] Nationalism is often connected to separatism, because a nation achieves completeness through its independence. These often differ from cultural boundaries. The Future Role of the West in the Middle East, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University. Chuck Holton has spent two decades reporting on wars and disasters in more than 100 countries. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Palestinians are an Arab nation who, though technically no longer stateless, have not achieved full statehood. Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. This made it difficult to impossible for them to establish citizenship in their new countries like Macedonia, Montenegro and Italy. As a result, these multinational states have a plethora of internal strife, and many of the nations in modern African states have almost no control over their internal affairs. Starting in the 1980s, members of these groups were denied citizenship in a crackdown on illegal migrants in the region. Limited recognition by their country's government, but second-class status. Regional autonomy in Wales. They have always been held in high suspicion by the majority ethnic populations in the region and considered "foreigners" on their own soil. These five stateless groups Rohingya, Roma, Nubians, Bidoon and Yao are just a select few from an extensive list. htm). National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. Examples: Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and France. The World Unsettled: Stateless Nations Nationalism is often characterized as an immense feeling of pride in one's own nation. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. Inside Israel's Fierce, Bitter Debate About Identity", "Independence in Europe: Secession, Sovereignty, and the European Union", United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stateless_nation&oldid=1141840986, Seek self-determination, greater autonomy or total secession from, Seeks greater regional autonomy for natives of. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation-states. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. statistical reporting table, to produce the "Total number of stateless people including displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar". The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. Ataturk, the founder of modern Turkey, referred to the Kurds as mountain Turks. Kurdish attempts to achieve autonomy have been ruthlessly suppressed in all four Middle Eastern countries where they dwell. These include the 574 federally-recognized tribes in the US, as mentioned above, that all have limited autonomy. You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. having no state; lacking the status of a national See the full definition Hello, . The Kurdish people are consistently shortchanged. [92], This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. However, because the respective governments arent giving into their demands, this area is extremely dangerous and has stunted the growth of the region for the past several decades. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. This is considered insulting or worse. In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ from European and global views on national identity. By 2019, more than 730,000 Rohingya fled the Rakhine state in Myanmar to escape brutal persecution, including the raiding and burning of entire villages. Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 and the Golan Heights in 1981 led to the application of Israeli civil legislation in these occupied territories. To show how we can do this, lets look at an FRQ from 2014 (Question 2): The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. A. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. Their residents found themselves declared to be permanent residents - but not citizens - of Israel. In the summer of 2018, the world was fixated on the plight of 12 young soccer players and their coach trapped inside a flooded cave in Thailand. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. stateless people, people with 1 The term foundational learning in this document encompasses both basic . Semi-autonomous rule in Greenland with autonomy within the Kingdom of Denmark. Historically occupied the independent kingdoms of Wales (, The creation of a new Frisian state. The U.N. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, Part 9. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture that favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. Indigenous groups in Latin America often fall into these categories; they may be protected in theory in state constitutions but suffer substantial discrimination in day-to-day life. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. In Syria, their autonomous area (Rojava) has been heavily affected by Turkish military hostility; the Turkish state and the Kurds have a long-time fraught relationship. The examples are too numerous to list. Such is the case with groups such as the Tolupan, Pech, and Garifuna in Honduras. Some stateless people are refugees, because they have fled their homeland to find refuge in another country, but not all refugees are stateless. Kurdish populations are spread between four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran) in all of which they live as (sometimes persecuted) minorities. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. It also cited food Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. Sounds bad, right? The native population of the Mesopotamian hills and plains in what is now south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq, north-western Iran, and south-western Armenia are referred to as the Kurds.. Kurds were left with minority status in their respective nations as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne . Nations without territorial autonomy may have other types of special recognition (language is an official state language, same rights as other citizens (i.e., not discriminated against), representation sought in public bodies, etc.). Untold numbers of Roma remain stateless in the Balkans and mainland Europe. Political Islam in the Modern World, Part 15. Is Slovakia a stateless nation? Therefore, it is crucial to understand stateless nations and how they came about because a significant amount of conflict today in the world comes from stateless nations. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. So, now that you know the definitions of a nation and a state, you can deduce that a stateless nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory that does not operate as an independent political unit with a defined, permanently populated territory and has no sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. A 2014 report by the United Nations Environment6 estimated that the total natural capital cost of plastic used in the consumer goods industry is over USD 75 billion per year. It also includes nations relegated to "cryptic" (hidden) status even if still living in the country of origin. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. Another . Stateless Nation: An ethnic group that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. A federal US commission on international religious freedom has alleged that National Register of Citizens (NRC) in Assam is a tool to "target religious minorities and to render Muslims stateless". Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. False. Stateless nations experience conditions ranging from autonomy of some type (the "best case" short of independence, which they may or may not desire) to the worst cases of complete landlessness and even having to exist in hiding! This has led to plenty of attacks and violence throughout Spanish cities. The rest are distributed in one or more states. Also: 1: Palestine 2: US Native Indian nations 3: Canada First Nations 4: Canada Inuit [though they do have their own Province] 5: Tibet 6: East Turkestan/Xinjiang Uighurs 7: Kurdistan 8: Barotseland 9: Euskadi 10: Catalonia 11: Galicia It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture which favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Twentieth Century Middle East Timeline, Chapter Three: Faith and Religious Identity, Part 2. Nations without state are classified as fourth-world nations. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. (The term "gypsy" comes from the false belief that the Roma originated in Egypt.). According to linguists, the language they speak is still called Pame. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. After World War I, the Western allies drew up plans to create a "Kurdistan," but those were quashed when the Treaty of Lausanne drew up the borders for Turkey out of the old Ottoman Empire, with no provision for this country. This has been at the cost of great suffering: Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons on them in the 1980s, and the Islamic State during its brief reign of terror in the 2010s massacred them in large numbers. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. Should be in parliament before the end of the year. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. The proportion was estimated to be 3 percent by Minahan. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. [22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. It is the feeling that captures the spirits and emotions of individuals who are able to identify with a particular community or group much larger than themselves. The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 3. They are thus stateless nations. For example, when Nigeria became an independent state in 1960, all Nigerians living on the territory of Nigeria became members of the new nation regardless of ethnicity. Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. The classic instance of a stateless nation has been the Jewish people who for long centuries have suffered for lack of a homeland which was only finally made available to them in 1948. An area in which a nation and a state both coincide in the same space. The legitimacy of a nation-state's rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to self . Civic nationalism is. Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states. Have all your study materials in one place. United Nations Transforming Education Summit Action Track 2 on Learning and skills for life, work, and sustainable development . The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". Palestine, which includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, has Observer status at the United Nations but is not a member of the UN General Assembly. The Treaty of Westphalia in 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. Examples of such stateless nation are Scotland, Hawaii, Taiwan, Tibet, and Chiapas. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. Will you pass the quiz? (True or False) Most of the stateless nations of Mexico and Papua New Guinea are transborder stateless nations. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group which identifies with national identity is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. So what is the answer? C. Identify and explain one challenge landlocked African countries face in developing viable economies. People can become stateless through a variety of . 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