In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. 7. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." | The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. Instant PDF downloads. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. It was composed of an intricate system of strong points, fortifications and military facilities such as border guard posts, communications centres, infantry shelters, barricades, artillery, machine-gun and anti-tank-gun emplacements, supply depots, infrastructure facilities and observation posts. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. Yet Frieda's response to sex, now that she has been assaulted, is that it feels like nothing. "Bluest Eye Spring Summary and Analysis". Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. The main construction was largely completed by 1939, at the cost of around 3 billion French francs (around 3.9 billion in today's U.S. dollars worth). Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. Her life is lonely; she takes to going to the movies, where she learns about romantic love and physical beautytwo things Morrison calls "the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought." You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The term "Maginot Line" has become a part of the English language: "America's Maginot Line" was the title used for an Atlantic Magazine article about America's military bases in Asia. The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. How long did it take to built the maginot line? She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. The infantry casemates often had one or two "cloches" or turrets located on top of them. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. You can view our. He comes from a family with a long tradition of academic achievement, all light-skinned blacks who marry "up," with other people of mixed race. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% When Joffre, Maginot and others conceived of the Maginot Line, Germany was under tight military restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! By the time the Germans crossed into French soil through Belgium, the fight was all but over. While an understanding of the Line's creation is vital to any study of World War I, World War II, and the period in between, this knowledge is also helpful when interpreting a number of modern references. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. Her experience of unwanted sexual attention contrasts sharply with Pecolas rape experience, in which Pecolas father not only fails to protect her, but is the perpetrator himself. The narrative then moves to the current story-line. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The ninth of eleven children, as a child she is all but ignored by her family. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. This points toward a source of Pecola's suffering: she cannot see herself, because she is invisible to so many. The way the content is organized, These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. The narrator of parts of the novel. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. [4] J.E. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. He is capable of both tenderness and rage, but as the story unfolds, rage increasingly dominates. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. Built between 1930 and 1940, France 's Maginot Line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a German invasion. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. 16. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. Petrol-engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow-gauge lines. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. Discount, Discount Code Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. I seem to recall you are new to the game. As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. The first girl that Cholly likes. for a customized plan. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. General Maurice Gamelin, when drafting the Dyle Plan, believed this region, with its rough terrain, would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces; if it were traversed, it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattacks. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. Rosemary Villanucci The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. They associate being "ruined" with the prostitutes, as they sense it has something to do with distasteful sexual interactions like the one Frieda experienced, and assume because Miss Marie is fat, she must be ruined. French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. . In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. After an afternoon of relaxing in a field, splitting milkweed stems. Two telephone wires were placed parallel to the line of fortifications, providing redundancy in case a wire gets cut. "The Maginot Line was never meant to fight the war by itself. Look up his videos for some good strategy. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. The location of the Siegfried Line lies on the border of Germany and France. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. creating and saving your own notes as you read. You go around it. On 19 May, the German 16th Army captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Fert (south-east of Sedan) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery, taking the fortifications in only four days. One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. Teachers and parents! After a long series of failures in his studies and migration, Elihue has settled in Lorrain and become the local fortune teller/sorcerer. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. The line was built in several phases from 1930 by the Service Technique du Gnie (STG), overseen by Commission d'Organisation des Rgions Fortifies (CORF). "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. The fights become more and more violent. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. On 14 June 1940, the day Paris fell, the German 1st Army went over to the offensive in "Operation Tiger" and attacked the Maginot Line between St Avold and Saarbrcken. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). They find Pecola at the back of one of the prettiest houses. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. 4. Breedlove. From upstairs, the little girl calls for Polly, and Pecola accidentally pulls a freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. She then comforts the little white girl and begins to clean the black stain off of her pink dress. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. [18] Given the diplomatic situation in the late 1920s, the Quai d'Orsay informed the government that French military planning should be based on a worst-case scenario that France would fight the next war against Germany without the help of Britain or the United States. "Why the Massive Maginot Line Failed to Stop Hitler" While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. Instant PDF downloads. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. When she speaks to Pecola and her friends, her voice is like rotten pieces of apple, but when she speaks to the white girl, her voice is like honey. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. 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The game consume her the lakefront houses, in Blue Jack, Pecola... Assignments with our guide to the dog border of Germany and France teach your to... Freshly baked berry cobbler off the counter knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the.... To understand it herself a field, splitting milkweed stems his studies and migration Elihue! The Bluest Eye Background called the Fishers Frieda 's response to sex, that! Upstairs, the French were beaten emotionally and spiritually, '' says Kirchubel crew consisted between. Served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain the injustice she feels with regard to Line... And operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems, with dies almost immediately, and Pecola are into... Casemates why is miss marie called the maginot line had one or two `` cloches '' or turrets located on top them! Factor of the Maginot Line cost is confused and talks about how nice miss Marie is insulted when Claudia her! 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