doi: 10.5935/0100-4042.20150094, Pires, A. L. R., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). Since the 1970s, there has been a veritable explosion in scientists ability to manipulate DNA in ways that have revolutionized the fields of biology, medicine, diagnostics, forensics, and industrial manufacturing. This alternative technology can be carried out using mixed MFC cultures adaptable to a wide variety of substrates and offers the dual advantage of effluent treatment and electricity generation (Pendyala et al., 2016). Biol. Probiotics are living microorganisms that have been linked to host health benefits (Gawkowski and Chikindas, 2016). doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00795.x, Chumnanpuen, P., Kocharin, K., and Vongsangnak, W. (2016). 34, 755781. (2011). Robinson, H. L. (1997). Entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines: an emerging field for specific and selective immune responses. (2013). Expert Rev. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The patent for a genetically modified microorganism, requested by Ananda Chakrabarty, contributed to a revolution in biotechnology that resulted in the issuance of thousands of patents, the founding of hundreds of new companies, and the development of thousands of bioengineering and food plants (Holloway, 2014). The action of this insecticide is based on the activation of endotoxins (Cry and Cyt) produced naturally by the bacterium B. thuringiensis serotype israelensis (Bti) (Figure 3B). (2008). (2006). Further manipulations of these species are expected to create strains capable of producing a wide variety of non-native commercial products. (B) Inactivated vaccines containing completely inactivated or fractionated pathogens or only antigenic components of these pathogens, subdivided into (B1) whole or fractioned; (B2) subunit vaccines, which use proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids as antigens; (B3) toxoids, which use inactivated pathogen toxins as antigens; (B4) carbohydrate vaccines produced from polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycans; and (B5) conjugate vaccines, which have polysaccharides combined with transport proteins. Quart. Studies carried out to isolate and identify the microbial community associated with the production of biogas revealed the presence of Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, Acidobacteria, and Spirochetes (Chouari et al., 2005; Chojnacka et al., 2015). Even though all cells of a multicellular organism have the same set of genes, cells in various tissues produce different sets of proteins. Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review. Designing tomorrows vaccines. Keywords: Microbial proteases; biological characteristics; industrial applications; protease engineering; purification strategies; sources. Research efforts have also been directed at improving the purification of drinking water. Currently, a potentially viable alternative for the synthesis of 1,3-PDO is the use of genetically modified microorganisms. At no other time in history have microorganisms been so present in areas such as agriculture and medicine, except as recognized villains. They have found application in many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, detergents, textiles, leather, chemicals, biofuels, animal feed, personal care, pulp and paper, diagnostics, and therapy. Recently, two antibodies were approved for this purpose: palivizumab, a human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-neutralizing monoclonal antibody that blocks virus replication; and raxibacumab, which prevents binding of the protective antigen of the anthrax toxin to its receptors in host cells (The IMpact-RSV Study Group, 1998; Kummerfeldt, 2014; Baldo, 2016). In the current context, mycorrhizal technology aims to increase the abundance and diversity of AMFs in soils in general to enhance the function of the mycorrhizal community (Rillig et al., 2016) and, consequently, crop production efficiency. The first indication of the use of microorganisms for cereal grain fermentation to produce an alcoholic beverage was obtained from molecular evidence from the Neolithic village of Jiahu in China and dates to 7000 BC (McGovern et al., 2004). Med. On the other hand, the direct use of microbial enzymes in the treatment of effluents, especially industrial effluents, has been encouraged because the enzymatic action is faster, dispensing with the conditions necessary for the fermentative process. Chem. We have decided to call this complex and applied microbiology Technological Microbiology, and although many of its fields overlap, to facilitate our discussion, we chose to divide it into six areas: Food Technological Microbiology, Agricultural Technological Microbiology, Chemical and Fuel Technological Microbiology, Environmental Technological At the same time, the technological race for the development of a vaccine against dengue continues. (2011). doi: 10.5897/JEN2015.0145, Figueiredo, T. V. B., Campos, M. I., Sousa, L. S., Silva, J. R., and Druzian, J. I. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Various microorganisms have been used as starter cultures to produce fermented foods such as beer, wine, bread, cheese, yogurt, and sausage. (2016). Cancer 6, 753763. This rapidly expanding area of technology provides methods for the isolation and transfer of single genes in a precise, controllable, and expedient manner. The most prominent disease being studied with proteomic approaches is cancer, but this area of study is also being applied to infectious diseases. Int. J. Genet. Bull. These include antisense RNA molecules, which are complementary to regions of specific mRNA molecules found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells. Improvement of aromatic thiol release through the selection of yeasts with increased -lyase activity. Expert Opin. doi: 10.1002/ps.2046. Recombinant microbial biosensor for cadmium and lead detection. 29, 263271. The possibility of using microorganisms to obtain food, food additives, or even microbial biomass for food has reinvigorated the food-processing industry, which sees new possibilities for conventional foods, such as flavors, textures, and aromas, or even the discovery of new foods. Bacterial sensors based on Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: part I. Fe2+ and S2O32- determination. These fungi are saprophytes, mycoparasite decomposers, and plant symbionts, usually associated with soil ecosystems, and have a global geographical distribution (Druzhinina et al., 2011). 67, 122128. In addition, the recombinant DNA technique has facilitated the availability of microbial biosensors in the market, providing a new direction to manipulate their selectivity and sensitivity at the DNA level. But left untreated, the symptoms can become quite severe and debilitating. Cinc. Biol. Thus, prophylaxis should also extend to men as a way to prevent potential non-cervical cancers; however, affordable prices, funding mechanisms, and multidisciplinary partnerships are essential for the HPV vaccine to reach most populations in need, especially considering that cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death of cancer in women and is more worrying in populations that do not have screening programs to detect precursor lesions (Roden and Wu, 2006). Systematic Review of the Non-Specific Effects of BCG, DTP and Measles Containing Vaccines. In addition, the technology for immobilization of these enzymes in prefabricated supports or polymer matrices improves their stability, activity, and selectivity, favoring their application and reuse for long periods in industrial reactors (Mateo et al., 2007; Sheldon, 2007). 35, 2004. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822004000200013, Frenck, R. W., and Yeh, S. (2012). These include food production, probiotics, cosmetics . Alginate biosynthesis factories in Pseudomonas fluorescens: localization and correlation with alginate production level. J. Pediatr. Regulation of plants phosphate uptake in common mycorrhizal networks: role of intraradical fungal phosphate transporters. J. Biotechnol. 18, 423430. This expression induces antibody production and immunization. doi: 10.1002/ep.12375, Jenkins, N. (2007). 37, 815. 1. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. Lab. Brown, J., and Lauderdale, C. (2006). A large number of substances with nanomedical application have emerged, including polymers, metallic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, VLPs, virions or virion components, and a growing diversity of self-organized protein materials, some with adjustable biomechanical properties such as stiffness, elasticity, adhesion or controllable disintegration or release of incorporated functional blocks or conventional chemical drugs (Rodriguez-Carmona and Villaverde, 2010). 8, 10171025. J. Interdiscip. Technol. Micro-organisms already produce industrially useful natural colorants such as . Additionally, researchers can use reverse genetics, a technique related to classic mutational analysis, to determine the function of specific genes. (2016). These measures can limit exposure to Lyme-bearing ticks, which are common in many regions of the United States during the warmer months of the year. These data can be used in studies of microbial diversity, group phylogeny, species diversification, and microbial metabolism. Rev. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. (2017). doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.11.3240, Coker, J. Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification. The technologies of high-throughput screening and processing with efficient microbial species, along with the ultimate coupling of genetic engineering of amylase-producing strains, will all help in enhancing amylase production for industrial and . (2015). Appl. Hum. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Applied genetics Medicine Genetic techniques are used in medicine to diagnose and treat inherited human disorders. These are model pesticides, as they are non-toxic to mammals and active against nematodes, even at very low doses. Phytochemistry 69, 14691495. 309, 202209. In turn, the current trend of using non-Saccharomyces strains, which in the past were considered yeasts of secondary importance or yeasts that produced undesirable changes, has positively impacted the vinification process, given the ability of the strains to produce enzymes, secondary metabolites, glycerol, ethanol, and other compounds that can increase the organoleptic complexity of wines (Padilla et al., 2016). Biotechnol. An example is the potential presented by the introduction of the bacterium Wolbachia as an endosymbiont of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which transmits diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and the more recently detected Zika virus (Walker et al., 2011). Past and future of non-Saccharomyces yeasts: from spoilage microorganisms to biotechnological tools for improving wine aroma complexity. 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