Our evaluation therefore draws on work by Hoogendoom [17], together with principles from the GRADE and CERQUAL rating schemes [16, 18], and our work from a previous systematic review with diverse evidence [19] to indicate a rating of strength (certainty) for each reported outcome across the included studies. Rittenhouse DR, Shortell SM, Fisher ES. 2012;12 https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.850. 2008;45:176477. One of two international comparator studies (reported in three papers) supported the finding that quality of care was perceived by patients to have improved [123,124,125]. Palliat Med. PubMed Central Appendix S4. 2011;34:15262. Only a third were judged to have clearly described the intervention and its delivery, and none reported taking measures at multiple time points prior to the intervention. Article 2013;10 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010414.pub2. Some of the arguments for integrative curriculum include: There is not enough time in the day to teach everything in isolation. 2013;21:198207. Curriculum development describes how a training or teaching organization plans and guides learning. JAMA. Article It is argued that increased service integration will enable the achievement of a financially sustainable health and social care system in the NHS by 2020. The NHS Five Year Forward View Plan published in 2014 [1] sets out how services need to change, and emphasises the requirement for greater integration of care [2]. Article The merging companies expect certain benefits from the horizontal integration, but the hardware and software of either of the companies don't match up. The extraction form collected data on: first author/year; study design; sample size; population characteristics (type of group, condition/department, sex, age, other details reported); context; data collection method; outcome measures; type and details of the intervention; summary of results; main author conclusions; reported associations; and potential factors relating to applicability. 2012;2 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000930. Pearson V, Chant S. Different models of health and social care in Devon -- observations and implications for commissioners and providers. Rating the quality of evidence--indirectness. . Health Quart. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2016;2:120816. Primary care and accountable care two essential elements of delivery-system reform. Pediatrics. Hub-and-spoke integration. Robertson H. Integration of health and social care: a review of literature and models implications for Scotland. Emergency Med J. Integrated multidisciplinary care in Parkinson's disease: a non-randomised, controlled trial (IMPACT). Sahlen KG, Boman K, Brannstrom M. A cost-effectiveness study of person-centered integrated heart failure and palliative home care: based on a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open. We adopted the four-item rating scale described in the Methods section to evaluate the quantity and consistency of available evidence for each outcome. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. Colla CH, Wennberg DE, Meara E, Skinner JS, Gottlieb D, Lewis VA, et al. Age Ageing. As highly complex interventions, these models challenge linkage of particular elements of initiatives to effects, with a lack of clarity on which key elements are causally associated with positive outcomes. Palliat Med. Brokel JM, Harrison MI. Suter E, Oelke ND, Adair CE, Armitage GD. Electronic databases including MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; CINAHL; Science and Social Science Citation Indices; and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant literature published between 2006 to March 2017. Available at: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Health-and-social-care-integration.pdf. A review of the international evidence. Best A, Greenhalgh T, Lewis S, Saul JE, Carroll S, Bitz J. Large-system transformation in health care: a realist review. 2014;26:56170. 2013;69:14452. Int J Health Serv : planning, administration, evaluation. In view of this challenge, we used strength of evidence ratings to summarise where greater or lesser certainty existed in the literature, considering quality, volume and consistency of the evidence identified. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Low L-F, Yap M, Brodaty H. A systematic review of different models of home and community care services for older persons. 2012;69:50614. Does an enhanced recovery integrated care pathway (ICP) encourage adherence to prescribing guidelines, accelerate postoperative recovery and reduce the length of stay for gynaecological oncology patients? 2007;15:7002. Other findings from this study including factors influencing implementation and outcomes are reported elsewhere (Baxter et al. Gardner K, Banfield M, McRae I, Gillespie J, Yen L. Improving coordination through information continuity: a framework for translational research. Critics of the integrated theories argue that theorist need to take caution when developing these theories because of high potential of contradictory, creation of micro situational, pitting against one another, and lack of empirical validity (Tibbetts, Continue Reading Check Writing Quality You May Also Find These Documents Helpful Analysis indicated evidence of perceived improved quality of care, evidence of increased patient satisfaction, and evidence of improved access to care. Figure3 summarises elements of new models of integrated care in the included studies. Beland F, Hollander MJ. Homer CJ, Klatka K, Romm D, Kuhlthau K, Bloom S, Newacheck P, et al. Integrated team working: a literature review. Open Document. 2014;22:6270. Ham C, Murray R. Implementing the NHS five year forward view: aligning policies with the plan. Google Scholar. Critical connections between subjects are made, creating more holistic learning Higher numbers of skill repetition in a more interesting way. Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of lay health worker programmes to improve access to maternal and child health: qualitative evidence synthesis. We also acknowledge a potential issue of publication bias, with studies reporting less positive outcomes potentially under-represented in the review. 2013;27:20920. Quality of integrated care for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: variations and determinants of care. Mackie S, Darvill A. Improved access may be perceived positively by patients, and enable serious conditions to be identified and treated earlier; but also may incur a detrimental effect on costs and capacity. We therefore adopted an approach drawing on work by Pawson, [11] which stresses that both rigour and relevance are important when scrutinising complex outcome patterns. 2013;30:26675. Advantages/Disadvantages One disadvantage of theory integration the possibility of the wrong mixture of theories by criminologist which could increase the odds of a person gravitating towards criminality increase (Frame, 2009). 2013;10:21837. Rather than using the internet to find the location of a country, they can look at a globe or physical map in their textbook. BMJ Open. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/5yfv-web.pdf. Milbank Q. 2012;31:237987. Evaluation of the welsh integrated care pathway (ICP) for the last days of life. The effect of the Liverpool care pathway for the dying: a multi-Centre study. PLoS One. J Interprof Care. Hoogendoom WE, Van Poppel MN, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Lex M. Physical load during work and leisure time as risk factors for back pain. This review adds to the growing evidence that integrated care initiatives rarely lead to unequivocally positive effects, although the calls for integrated care have never been stronger. Home care in Europe: a systematic literature review. Google Scholar. Another tension exists between cost-saving and provision of improved quality of care. We separately rated evidence from the UK studies, evidence from systematic reviews, evidence from the international comparator studies, and evidence from international non-comparator studies, and then provided an overall rating of effect across the study types. Int J Integr Care. 1) Enhance the Competitive Advantage. 2012;26:476. 2014;2(12):97987. They intrinsically motivate students to succeed in real life The receiver and sender of data are coupled together with no other software program serving as an intermediary. J Integrat Care. Shifting the balance of care: great expectations. 2010;21:S63746. Article The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. It is important that any assessment of strength of evidence considers not only quality and volume of studies, but also considers consistency [17]. MacLean A, Fuller RM, Jaffrey EG, Hay AJ, Ho-Yen DO. There were limited differences between outcomes reported by UK and international studies, and overall the literature had a limited consideration of effects on service users. 2008;9:713. Strength of evidence for each outcome reported was analysed and synthesised using a four point comparative rating system of stronger, weaker, inconsistent or limited evidence. It can cause confusion within the business. Service user involvement and integrated care pathways. Evaluating outcomes and impacts from models of integrated care presents challenges in determining what a good outcome may be. The international evidence however, is more inconclusive, with three studies indicating a reduction, two studies indicating no effect, and one an increase. 2006;14:50820. and the benefit of physical co-location of services [32]. Studies excluded at full paper screening. 2013;21:11328. Stokes J, Kristensen SR, Checkland K, Bower P. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary team case management: difference-in-differences analysis. J Pediatr Infect Dis. Katon W, Russo J, Lin E, Schmittdiel J, Ciechanowski P, Ludman E, et al. New England J Med. We identified diverse and frequently contradictory outcomes for models of integrated care reported in the included literature. See Fig. While virtual reality (VR) technology can provide students with first-hand and situational learning experiences, limited studies have integrated VR in a K-12 classroom, resulting in the lack of understanding of the benefits and challenges of VR use in classroom settings. Farmer J, Clark M, Drewel E, Swenson T, Ge B. Consultative care coordination through the medical home for CSHCN: a randomized controlled trial. In this section, we will analyze two case studies where integration testing and end-to-end testing were used to address specific challenges in software development. J Nurs Manage. 2013;37:115763. J Integrat Care. Studies were required to have been carried out in a developed country (a member of the Organisation for Economic Collaboration and Development) and to have been published since 2006 in English, or have an English abstract. A controlled trial of the multi-disciplinary doctor-nurse practitioner (MDNP) model. J Integr Care. J Pediatrics. We selected an appropriate review method to fulfil the three requirements of: examination of multiple types of integrated care initiatives and service delivery outcomes; inclusion of studies of varying designs across the hierarchy of evidence; and learning most applicable to the UK NHS context. 2009;339:b2700. Google Scholar. We provide the rating for studies from the UK, international systematic reviews, international primary studies and finally an overall rating of available evidence. System integration. One hundred sixty seven studies were eligible for inclusion. Blinding of participants and personnel was also limited or not possible, with only four studies achieving this [30, 31, 49, 72]. 2008;63:3217. In Press). Letton C, Cheung C, Nordin A. 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