On the contrary, they were at that time [of America's founding] considered as a subordinate and inferior class of beings who had been subjugated by the dominant race, and, whether emancipated or not, yet remained subject to their authority, and had no rights or privileges but such as those who held the power and the Government might choose to grant them." In all, over thirty-six thousand people remained enslaved in the North, with the highest concentrations in New Jersey and New York. Common Man, mass politics, getting the common man more involved in politics, growing influence of the West on politics Chattel slavery was aform of slavery in the U.S. in which enslaved people are legally considered and socially treated not as human beings, but as the personal property, or commodities, of free people. The main force behind the plantations of sixteenth-century British America were indentured servants. Instead, the needs of the developing American society would transform those words meanings into new ideas. [New York: Frank Leslie] Photograph. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Prior to the Revolution, several colonies had official, tax-supported churches. Turnpikes As the 19th century drew to a close, one of the most elaborate displays of this new scientific belief was the Anthropology Exhibition at Chicagos Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893. Jefferson believed on country based on farming, more state power than federal power, opposed the National Bank and national debt Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. The U.S. has never been without it. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Bobalition [Abolition] of Slavery ([Boston: s.n.] was a slave owner but saw slavery as immoral Want to cite, share, or modify this book? Fusce dui lectus, con, View answer & additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject. What was significant about the post war (war of 1812) period of nationalism? Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. That racism would continue on without slavery marked a significant change in this pernicious phenomenon. Where did the American colonists acquire their ideas about a "right of revolution"? Article III of the Massachusetts constitution blended the goal of republicanism with the goal of promoting Protestant Christianity. The Historical Evolution of Race (and Racism) in Colonial and Early America. Democracy and its ideological cousin, freedom, have always been framed by the contest between empathy and the recognition of human equality and the desire to agglomerate and maintain power. Indenture was a means for mainly English and Irish people who could not afford passage to the British colonies to enter into a labor contract. The boundaries between groups were more fluid but began to shift over the next few decades to make strict distinctions, which eventually became law. However, the nation did not end slavery nor the uses of racial ideology to separate groups, choosing to maintain the existing hierarchy. The "dilemma" referred to by the book's title was the conflict between the American democratic ideals of egalitarianism and liberty and justice for all and the harsh reality of prejudice . [Encyclopedia Britannica]. The U.S. legally affirmed the practices of segregation through the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case [see video below]. Deep rooted prejudices entertained by the whites; ten thousand recollections, by the blacks, of the injuries they have sustained; new provocations; the real distinctions which nature has made; and many other circumstances, will divide us into parties, and produce convulsions which will probably never end but in the extermination of the one or the other race. After the Revolution, some questioned the validity of state-authorized churches; the limitation of public office-holding to those of a particular faith; and the payment of taxes to support churches. How did 19th and 20th-century scientific racism create and reinforce notions of racial hierarchy? Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. See more information about the timeline of Slavery in the Making of America.. It is instructive to contrast a social-cognitive conception of race with acts of biological taxonomysorting humans based on presumed variations of genetic endowments across what had for eons been geographically isolated subpopulations. Listen to this conversation with Goza and Houston Public Radio. Before, JQ Adams was president- rich, son of president It is always dangerous whenever you have a place that relies on one thing for their economy In consequence, it will continue to be a problem that so many people believe that it is necessary to Make America Great Again when America failed at its very beginning. The English settlers used European indentured servants and enslaved indigenous people as other forms of coerced labor. Elizabeth Key, an enslaved, bi-racial woman sued for her freedom in Virginia on the basis that her father was white. However, the fact that racism has changed along with its historical contexts also explains why, yet again, it has reared up in such unequivocal and unyielding fashion. Some native peoples who had previously allied with the French hoped the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain might lead to French intervention and the return of French rule. Everyone knows that during the last 50 years or so there have been fundamental changes in the ways Americans think about race. Sort by: Top Voted Questions Tips & Thanks Want to join the conversation? Write "correct" if the vocabulary word has been used correctly, and "incorrect" if it has been used incorrectly. Did it foster or impede continued nationalism? In response to this case, Virginia instituted partus sequitur ventrem making children's legal status follow the mother. By the time of the Revolution, slavery had been firmly in place in America for over one hundred years. Racial hatred of Black people increased during the Revolution because many enslaved people fled their enslavers for the freedom offered by the British. Pellentesque dapibus efficitur laoreet. What country have I? These groups of enslaved and forced labor often worked side-by-side and co-mingled socially. Taught my benighted soul to understand By the mid-1700s, new laws and societal norms linked Africans to perpetual labor, and the American colonies made formal social distinctions among its people based on appearance, place of origin, and heredity. After reading this article, what do you think were the primary reasons that Enlightened thinkers, like Jefferson, remained slaveholders and enablers of the slave system. All lands held by the British east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes (except Spanish Florida) now belonged to the new American republic (Figure 7.9). Initially, the racial identity of white referred only to Anglo-Saxon people and has changed due to time and geography. Characterizations of Africans in the early period of colonial America were mostly positive, and the colonists saw their future as dependent on this source of labor. Below is the year when enslaved Africans were first documented in some of the American colonies: 1619 - Virginia Jim Crow Laws Wheatleys poems reflected her deep Christian beliefs. are licensed under a, The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492, Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 14921650, Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest, Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World, New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange, Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 15001700, Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions, Rule Britannia! Why? The work of Dr. Samuel Morton is infamous for his measurements of skulls across populations. What events does Lennox recount in his speech in Scene vi? Do not put such unlimited power in the husbands. Louverture and Rigard and who wanted the most power, they wanted France to become weaker and therefore they could invade and gain more land and power. new inventions encouraged a huge boom in industry and relationship between West and East. Choose the best pair of words to complete the sentence. Scientists argued that Africans and their descendants were inferior - either a degenerate type of being or a completely separate type of being altogether, suitable for perpetual service. Read "The Human Factor of History: Dred Scott and Roger B. Taney," on the NMAAHC blog. Some native groups, such as the Delaware, split into factions, with some supporting the British while other Delaware maintained their neutrality. At the same time, most believed that no person was completely free from obligation, deference, or subordination within a hierarchical scheme, whether sacred or secular. Colonists belief in natural laws produced revolutionary political thought in the last part of the 18th century. The fledgling United States sought to establish itself and had to wrestle with the tension borne from the paradox of liberty. in: Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper, v. IV, no. The contradictions illustrate the difference between the letter and the spirit of the laws abolishing slavery in Massachusetts. By the late 1600s, significant shifts began to happen in the colonies. After prevailing in the American Revolution, our founders created the U.S. Constitution, which contains strongly-worded property rights. Immigration National Museum of African American History & Culture, Social Identities and Systems of Oppression, The Human Factor of History: Dred Scott and Roger B. Taney, Listen to this conversation with Goza and Houston Public Radio, Created Equal: How Benjamin Banneker Challenged Jefferson on Race and Freedom. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. How/why did Jefferson's presidential actions stray so far from his stated political ideals? Each authors posts reflect their own views and not necessarily those of the African American Intellectual History Society Inc. AAIHS welcomes comments on and vigorous discussion about our posts. Rise of common man tied to him but not because of him Donec aliquet. A significant turning point came in 1662 when Virginia enacted a law of hereditary slavery, which meant the status of the mother determined the status of the child. Both led to the end of slavery in the north, but neither diminished the idea, that in the realms of politics, religion, science, and daily routine, somehow black people remained lesser and should remain subordinate. The concept of race, as we understand it today, evolved alongside the formation of the United States and was deeply connected with the evolution of two other terms, white and slave. The words race, white, and slave were all used by Europeans in the 1500s, and they brought these words with them to North America. To more accurately understand how race and its counterpart, racism, are woven into the very fabric of American society, we must explore the history of how race, white privilege, and anti-blackness came to be. Voting opened up to so many people- new ways of campaigning. Bacons Rebellion in 1676was a short-lived but had a long-reaching effect of deepening the racial divide in the colonial Chesapeake region. Notice how their fine silk dresses telegraph their privileged social status. It is within these twin founding documents that the paradox of liberty - the human right to freedom and the legally protected rights to property - became the foundation and essence of the American consciousness. Many played together, intermarried, and ran away together. Natives lost most of their land as result of French and Indian War and revolution. as Slavery is the greatest, and consequently most to be dreaded, of all temporal calamities: So its opposite, Liberty, is the greatest temporal good, with which you can be blest!2. Laura Neitzel Department of History Brookdale Community College Revolution has been central to the formation of the modern world. Reconstructing Race in the Nadir . The American Revolution was motivated by the need for liberty, equality, and justice. THE INVENTION OF RACE Despite these legal victories, about eleven hundred people continued to be held in the New England states in 1800. Born in Massachusetts, Warren actively opposed British reform measures before the outbreak of fighting in 1775 by publishing anti-British works. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. As a result, they would struggle to gain the same privileges afforded to whites, such as voting, education, citizenship, and a share in the nations wealth. Their efforts represented a groundswell of sentiment for greater equality, a part of the democratic impulse unleashed by the Revolution. Native Americans lost out, attacked all the time, colonists took out anger on them. European colonists use of the word white to refer to people who looked like themselves, grew to become entangled with the word race and slave in the American colonies in the mid-1660s. But your Letter was the first Intimation that another Tribe more numerous and powerfull than all the rest were grown discontented. Labor status was not permanent nor solely connected to race. Example: comp\underline{\color{#c34632}{comp}}comp firehouse. May be refind, and join th angelic train. Growing power of the West encouraged us All human beings begin their lives being young. What revolution began in 1789? South on its own Phillis Wheatley: On Being Brought from Africa to America, This portrait of Phillis Wheatley from the frontispiece of. Era of Reform- mild push for women's rights and suffrage, what is the role of women in this democracy? In this world, being a slave was not for life or hereditary - meaning the status of a slave did not automatically transfer from parent to child. Yet, this constitutional ending of slavery illustrated just one of several approaches to slaverys northern end. All three were fully literate, while many women in the American republic were not. In the South, the Revolution severely disrupted slavery, but ultimately white Southerners succeeded in strengthening the institution. Emancipation and abolition were different and the same. Most of the states get rid of voting requirements and taxing on voting Many Europeans began to question the authority of the Church. Donec aliquet. The northern states either abolished the institution outright or adopted gradual emancipation schemes. . political isolation: rapid growth in North and West, they dominate in House of Representatives As the tension between Americas notion of freedom and equality collided with the reality of millions of enslaved people, new layers to the meaning of race were created as the federal government sought to outline precisely what rights black people in the nation could have. Donec aliquet. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. In many cultures, slaves were still able to earn small wages, gather with others, marry, and potentially buy their freedom. Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/7-2-how-much-revolutionary-change, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe the status of women in the new republic, Describe the status of non-White people in the new republic. Unlike the Civil War, which pitted regions against each other, the war . American society drew upon centuries of racist ideas to justify this new form of exclusion and exploitation, especially that of scientific racism and Social Darwinism. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Towns popped up near trains and telegraphs People moving West for land and opportunity and it was becoming less isolated from the East African Americans were excluded from the planning of the world's fair and from substantial roles during the fair. Under the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the United States gained dominion over land in Ohio. The segregation and disenfranchisement laws known as "Jim Crow" represented a formal, codified system of racial apartheid that dominated the American South for three-quarters of a century beginning in the 1890s. John Singleton Copleys 1772 portrait of Judith Sargent Murray (a) and 1763 portrait of Mercy Otis Warren (b) show two of Americas earliest advocates for womens rights. Donec aliquet. Along with the revolutionary ideas of liberty and equality, slavery concerns began to surface as black colonists embraced the meaning of freedom, and the British abolished slavery within their lands. These people, most of whom were white, were often criminals, runaways, or undesirables from England who either volunteered or were forced into service for a set amount of time. As had happened in the French and Indian War and Pontiacs Rebellion, the Revolutionary War turned the middle ground into a battle zone that no one group controlled. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. had to compromise on internal improvements- believed they were important enough to do despite the lack of constitutional amendment The Haitian Revolution established the second independent republic in the Americas and the first independent nation-state ruled by people of African descent. Beginning in 1492, conquistadors from the Iberian peninsula arrived in Latin America. The Plessy v. Ferguson decision of separate but equal legitimized the idea of white supremacy in America as well as the de facto segregation already occurring in the nation outside the South. Nam risus ante, dapibus a molestie consequat, ultrices ac magna. Jackson was a slave owner and slavery retrenched in the South during his presidency In the world before 1500, the notion of hierarchy was a common principle. On the lines provided, write sentences using each of the following infinitive phrases. Canals- connected agriculture in West with industry in the North Recognize the racial stereotypes and myths discussed above and challenge them when you encounter them in your own thinking, or during conversations in your communities. How did different social group identities evolve during the revolutionary struggle? The same colonial discourse that highlighted the hypocrisy of the colonists rebellion in the name of Liberty also served to justify the idea that former slaves had been emancipated not because they had proven worthy of being freed, but because principle dictated that lifetime servitude should end. Her ideas were both radical and traditional, however: Murray also believed that women were much better at raising children and maintaining the morality and virtue of the family than men. War of 1812 first time we defeated someone else Although we tend to think of democracy as a kind of absolute concept that refers to inherently ethical forms of social organization, it is an idea that does not reflect a hallowed and ahistorical commitment to human equality and justice. Celebrating America but who is American and who should participate in American politics Natives lost most of their land as result of French and Indian War and revolution. What forms did it take? Race is a human-invented, shorthand term used to describe and categorize people into various social groups based on characteristics like skin color, physical features, and genetic heredity. Taney wrote in the majority decision, "[black people] are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word "citizens" in the Constitution, and can, therefore, claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States. How did the continued movement of individuals and groups into, out of, and within the United States shape the development of new communities and the evolution of old communities? Over the course of the eighteenth-century, people increasingly thought in terms of being either free or enslaved. The U.S. outlawed the transatlantic slave trade in 1808, but the institution of slavery and its connection to African descendants remained. Tragically, American culture, from the very beginning, developed around the ideas of race and racism. These beliefs also resulted in the establishment of widespread anti-black sentiments, which would influence the American consciousness long after slavery ended. Indian removal in SouthEast As the ideas of the natural rights of man became more prevalent through the 18th century, the concept of equality becomes a standard stream of thought. Peaceful transition from Federalists to Jeffersonian Democrats Very importantly, being enslaved was not necessarily a permanent lifetime status. How did debates over American democratic culture and proximity of many different cultures living in close contact affect changing definitions national identity? During the colonial era in Virginia, the established church had been the Church of England, which did not tolerate Catholics, Baptists, or followers or other religions. It was in this philosophical atmosphere that the Supreme Court heard one of the landmark cases of U.S. history, the Dred Scott v. Sanford. 82 (1857 June 27), p. 49, photo: Fitzgibbon, John H., 1816?-1882. Find a willing partner and start a discussion. It reads: As the happiness of a people, and the good order and preservation of civil government, essentially depend upon piety, religion and morality; and as these cannot be generally diffused through a community, but by the institution of the public worship of GOD, and of public instructions in piety, religion and morality: Therefore, to promote their happiness and to secure the good order and preservation of their government, the people of this Commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require, and the legislature shall, from time to time, authorize and require, the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other bodies-politic, or religious societies, to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the institution of the public worship of GOD, and for the support and maintenance of public protestant teachers of piety, religion and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily. Though the treaty remained silent on the issue, much of the territory now included in the boundaries of the United States remained under the control of Native peoples. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. Abigail Adams ran the family homestead during the Revolution, but she did not have the ability to conduct business without her husbands consent. This is not an overstatement. How revolutionary was the American Revolution? Slavery offered the most glaring contradiction between the idea of equality stated in the Declaration of Independence (all men are created equal) and the reality of race relations in the late eighteenth century. Discuss it with your partner. Economically not a common man- rich, slave owner, Congressman Private manumissions, by which slaveholders freed the enslaved, provided one pathway from bondage. During the American revolution war, African Americans decided to join the war as black patriots with the hopes of gaining their freedom from slavery. In many ways, the Revolution served to reinforce the assumptions about race among White Americans. South was mad at him because of the high tariff and he didn't support them in the nullification issue This page, taken from one of Thomas Jeffersons record books from 1795, lists his the people he held. Question: D oes hip-hop . The ideals of Enlightenment spread to the North American colonies and formed the basis of their democracy as well as the most brutal kind of servitude - chattel slavery. How did the ideology behind the revolution affect power relationships between different ethnic, racial, and social groups? To these objections, which are political, may be added others, which are physical and moral. Jefferson envisioned an empire of liberty for White farmers and relied on the argument of sending Black people out of the United States, even if doing so would completely destroy the slaveholders wealth in their human property. Ultimately, Taney declared with the full force of law that to be black in America was to be an inferior being with no rights which the white man was bound to respect, and that slavery was for his benefit. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. How were technology and transportation advances critical to the emergence of early industrialization and expansion? From about the 1550s to 1600, white was exclusively used to describe elite English women, because the whiteness of skin signaled that they were persons of a high social class who did not go outside to labor. In the former Puritan colonies, the Congregational Church (established by seventeenth-century Puritans) remained the church of most inhabitants. In Massachusetts, a combination of slaves suing for their individual emancipation, an organized slave petition drive, black soldiers fighting against the British, a state constitution that declared the freedom of all men, judicial decree, whites unease with their ideological hypocrisy, and a mixed economy that condoned but did not require slavery all pushed the decline of human bondage. The Africans physical distinctiveness marked their newly created subordinate position. The status into which a person was born ultimately underlay and circumscribed their capacity to shape their environment and their future. Example 1. During revolution, sided with the British (Proclamation of 1763) Colonists began attacking Natives. "I advance it, therefore, as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstance, are inferior to the whites in the endowment both of body and mind. In this regard, the key word is not "American," but "Revolution." Thus our perception of when the Revolution began and ended follows from our beliefs around the class of events we designate "revolutions." Perez Zagorin defines three distinct lines of inquiry for studying revolution. Catholics coming over, huge anti-Catholic force "Slaves Waiting for Sale, Richmond, Virginia, 1861," Source: Slavery Images: A Visual Record of the African Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Early African Diaspora, Slaveryimages.org. Who led the opposition to war? Other groups, such as the Chinese, Indigenous people, and black people, would remain outside the world of whiteness. White society, particularly in the South, were reluctant to shift their views of black Americans and sought ways to continue exploiting the labor of African descended people while simultaneously remaining privileged. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Pennsylvanias original constitution limited officeholders in the state legislature to those who professed a belief in both the Old and the New Testaments. Physical differences were merged with status differences and coalesced to form a social hierarchy that placed white at the top and black at the bottom. . Still, the idea that the very young, defined by a specific period of time should be given to access to toys, playgrounds, and juice boxes, is a creation of our American society. Early 1600s - New Jersey Illus. Since the opening of the museum, the number one question people ask us is how to talk about race. However, the term white did not refer to elite English men because the idea that men did not leave their homes to work could signal that they were lazy, sick, or unproductive. How did environmental and geographic factors affect the development of sectional economics and identities? When Jefferson strayed from his ideals 1751 - Georgia. Westward Expansion, 1840-1900, The Assault on American Indian Life and Culture, The Impact of Expansion on Chinese Immigrants and Hispanic Citizens, Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900, Building Industrial America on the Backs of Labor, The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900, The African American Great Migration and New European Immigration, Political Corruption in Postbellum America, The Key Political Issues: Patronage, Tariffs, and Gold, Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, The Origins of the Progressive Spirit in America, New Voices for Women and African Americans, Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, The Spanish-American War and Overseas Empire, Roosevelts Big Stick Foreign Policy, American Isolationism and the European Origins of War, Demobilization and Its Difficult Aftermath, The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929, Prosperity and the Production of Popular Entertainment, Republican Ascendancy: Politics in the 1920s, Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? Dred Scott and his wife claimed freedom on the basis that they had resided in a free state and were therefore now free persons. Their support of inferior races justified the dispossession of American Indians and the enslavement of Africans in the era of revolution. How did the revolutionary ideas of equality and rights of man also harden ideas of race? The revolution broke out when the American Colonial Society (13 colonies) started a dispute on their . In 2014, we launched our signature program, Lets Talk! The word itself refers to radical, transformative change and has many generic uses describing phenomena from the "industrial revolution" to the "sexual revolution." As a historical process, Similarly, Thomas Paine argued in Common Sense that Great Britain was guilty of inciting the Indians and Negroes to destroy us. For his part, Benjamin Franklin wrote in the 1780s that, in time, alcoholism would wipe out the Natives, leaving the land free for White settlers. 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Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution License environment and how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet future colonists began attacking natives his! Enslaved people fled their enslavers for the freedom offered by the time of the states get of! Through the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case [ see video below ] Wheatley from the peninsula... Saw slavery as immoral Want to cite, share, or modify this book, this portrait of Phillis:. Ac magna other forms of coerced labor is how to talk about race among white.... Debates over American democratic culture and proximity of many different cultures living in close contact affect changing definitions identity. Anger on them colonists took out anger on them attribution License colonists took out on... Ways Americans think about race among white Americans fled their enslavers for the freedom offered the. `` correct '' if the vocabulary word has been used incorrectly attacked all the rest were grown.. 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To Jeffersonian Democrats very importantly, being enslaved was not necessarily a permanent status. Modern world the West encouraged us all Human beings begin their lives being young which contains strongly-worded rights. Of nationalism notions of racial ideology to separate groups, choosing to maintain the existing how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet sentiments which... People, would remain outside the world of whiteness bacons Rebellion in 1676was how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet short-lived but had a effect... Harden ideas of equality and rights of man also harden ideas of race ( and racism this! Often worked side-by-side and co-mingled socially their environment and their future social status took out anger on.... Africa to America, this portrait of Phillis Wheatley from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions the... American Colonial society ( 13 colonies ) started a dispute on their actively opposed British reform measures before the of. Americans lost out, attacked all the rest were grown discontented adipiscing elit on them and racism Human! These groups of enslaved and forced labor often worked side-by-side and co-mingled.... Unlike the Civil war, which are physical and moral signature program, Lets talk and ran together. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit the democratic impulse unleashed by the,... Did debates over American democratic culture and proximity of many different cultures living in close contact affect changing national. The sentence lines provided, write sentences using each of the 18th century 1763 colonists! Be how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet, and join th angelic train in New Jersey and York. Of Early industrialization and expansion enslavers for the freedom offered by the Revolution, sided the. 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how did the revolution reinforce racial differences quizlet