Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. According to Revonsuo (2000), memories of such events are probably over-represented in the brain. In people with arterial aneurisms such a high pressure may provoke their rupture. Such electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the abovementioned sites in the central nervous system are involved in the oniric movements but they do not prove that such structures generate them. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. 109. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. Absence of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes in rats. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. Plato, despite his logical view of dreams, antecipated by 24 centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, stating that the dreams with a sexual background, mainly those with an incestuous content, and those in which the dreamer attacked or even killed someone, did, in fact, represent occult wishes that only could be fulfilled without punishment as an oniric experience. 2009 Nov;10(11):803-13. doi: 10.1038/nrn2716. In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. In humans, both reflex activities are also deeply inhibited during desynchronized sleep. No wonder that most dreams in humans have a visual component, explaining the reason why eye movements occur in any kind of dream, alone or as part of non-visual dreams. The .gov means its official. & Ajmone-Marsan, C. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. 69. Such movements occur while motoneurons are being inhibited through hyperpolarization of their membrane (41,75). In: C. Guilleminaut, W. C. Dement and P. Passouant (eds.) Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. Jouvet M. Le sommeil paradoxal est-il responsable d'une programmation gntique du cerveau? WebOne hypothesis drawn from TST is that real threatening events encountered by the individual during wakefulness should lead to an increased activation of the system, a threat simulation response, and therefore, to an increased frequency and severity of threatening events in dreams. As shown in figure 2, information released (by some passive mechanism) or revoked from memory (through some active but entirely unknown mechanism) is combined by processes that may be equivalent to, but different from, those that produce thoughts during wakefulness (21). Therefore, alpha-coeruleus nucleus is mobilized by the mechanisms that generate desynchronized sleep and exerts its inhibitory action through the reticulospinal pathways, as well as through pathways that go to the brain stem motor nuclei. It is not known why and how the potent inhibition of motoneurons is bypassed by the descending impulses that cause such movements but this is, possibly, a key phenomenon for the understanding of the mechanisms and the function of dreams. McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. (57). Our data with rats are quite consistent as to the variation of blood pressure and heart rate during oniric activity. 6. Progr Neurobiol 1984;22:241-88. Arch Ital Biol 1963;101:648-68. Baust W. Die Phnomenologie des Schlafes. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). 78. Despite such facts, some physiologists do not agree that heart rate and blood pressure decrease during desynchronized sleep. If the animal is trying to identify the source of an odor that is located at a large distance, snout movements are expected to span wide angles at low frequencies, whereas when the source is near such movements are expected to span narrow angles, at high frequencies, just as during wakefulness. In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). Analysis of psychological theories concerning functions of dreams. The earliest theory to emerge, Freuds psychoanalytic theory, takes an observational approach to identifying the function that dreams serve. Freud theorized that dreams are the result of unfulfilled wishes or desires in the subjects life. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Despite several demonstrations that this hypothesis is correct, a few argue against such a view. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Jouvet M, Michel F, Courjon J. Sur un stade d'activit elctrique crebrale rapide aucours du sommeil physiologique. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. Shiromani PJ, Lai yy, Siegel JM. Chase MH, Morales FR. 100. Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. Dement WC. Oniric behaviors, as any other behavior during wakefulness, comprise two types of identifiable manifestations: motor and vegetative. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. This may be related to the presence of pet animals in most families in the Western countries and consequently this "subject" probably becomes the main thought of children. Regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate in human sleep assessed by positron emission tomography. Disclaimer. Considering that desynchronization is predominant all over the cortex in humans and in the frontal cortex of both cats and rats, we consider it to be a phylogenetically more recent functional acquisition. Changes in neuronal activity in association cortex of the cat in relation to sleep and wakefulness. 29. 128. Psychophysiology 1968;4:311-23. 73. Advances in Sleep Research, vol. 64. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Webanalyzing dreams. Dreams and Nightmares in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review. In more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings (89). (1997), in their PET studies, found a significant deactivation, in desynchronized sleep, of a large portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, what was found also by Madsen et al. Science 1953;118:273-4. Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Wu J, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Dupont RM, Bunney WE. 97. 136. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. Unless we agree that such movements in human and in non-human animals are manifestations of dreaming activity, it is impossible to explain the electro-oscillograms and the movements that both classes of animals exhibit during desynchronized sleep. Despite such discrepancies, however, during synchronized sleep PRT studies reveal a decrease in global cerebral energy metabolism relative to both waking and desynchronized sleep. Candia et al. In fact, when the voltage of each theta wave in one site is compared with the voltage in another site it is possible to assess the degree of coincidence or phase shift between the two sites. The authors suggest that structures rostral to the midbrain are essential for the maintenance and integrity of the erection that occurs during desynchronized sleep. Valle AC. Accessibility Those that are common to all behaviors (increase in heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the nervous system and muscles, ventilation, pupil diameter and palmar and plantar electrical conductance) and are intended to increase the supply of blood, oxygen, glucose etc. 55. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. WebAbstract. (1999) (126,127,129,130). Dreaming has been a subject of cogitation since remote Antiquity. Braun et al. Noda H, Adey WR. 120. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. Brain activity during this time keeps us functioning and ready to process information when we wake up the next morning! Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). Nature 1989;340:474-6. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. The cycle of sleep in the rat (preliminary report). Winson J. The motoneuron inhibition, responsible for the sleep atonia and abolition of movements, is not complete in infancy (figure 5). In addition, zif-268 is up-regulated in several novelty or learning behavioral paradigms, including two-way active avoidance (104), brightness discrimination (105), and enriched environment exposure (106). 104. 131. Erlbaum 1992. Raven Press, New york 1981:405-429. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. They may be involved only in intermediate steps of the processes that cause such movements. 7. Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. Central activation of autonomic effectors during mental stimulation of motor activity in man. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. The vegetative components, that are phasic increases of heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, pupillary diameter, and most probably metabolic adjustments as well, are expressed more consistently during a dream, as they are during attentive wakefulness. Some more recent theories of dreaming emphasize an adaptive function related to emotion and a role in learning and memory consolidation. Considering dreams as hallucinations, Hernndez-Pen (1966) theorized that they are possible because the system responsible for wakefulness is inactivated during sleep, releasing memory tracings which are brought to consciousness. Much effort was devoted to searching for parallels between physiological aspects of REM sleep and characteristics of associated dreams, with modest results. 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